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Cardiovascular > 12. Clinical II - Body Fluids and Homeostasis > Flashcards

12. Clinical II - Body Fluids and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

the MAJOR BODY CONSTITUENT is WATER.
an average person contains how much water

A

42 LITRES

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2
Q

MAJORITY of body WATER is found in which COMPARTMENT

A

INTRACELLULAR - 28L

2/3rds of body water

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3
Q

approx how much body water is found in EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT

A

14L, 1/3rd

  • 11L INTERSTITIAL (Interstitial fluid)
  • 3L INTRAVASCULAR (in PLASMA)
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4
Q

where is the MAJORITY of WATER in the EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT

A

in INTERSTITIAL FLUID (surrounding cells)

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5
Q

is there more water INTRACELLULAR or in INTERSTITIAL FLUID (fluid in the spaces around the cells)

A

INTRACELLULAR - 28L

  • INTERSTITIAL 11 L
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6
Q

what is the TOTAL DAILY INTAKE and OUTPUT of WATER

A

2300 ML intake

2300 ML output

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7
Q

total amount of FLUID in the body is approximately how much of BODY WEIGHT

A

55-60% of body weight

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8
Q

FLUID in body VARIES by TISSUE TYPE. what tissue type has HIGHER FLUID CONTENT

A

LEAN TISSUES

(lean tissue is lost with age and body fluid lost with it)

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9
Q

why do MEN have MORE BODY FLUID

A

MORE LEAN TISSUE which has HIGHER FLUID CONTENT

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10
Q

the VOLUME of the FLUID COMPARTMENTS is DETERMINED by the SOLUTES that are confined in each space.

which SOLUTE for INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT? / what is the MAIN INTRACELLULAR CATION

A

POTASSIUM

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11
Q

the VOLUME of the FLUID COMPARTMENTS is DETERMINED by the SOLUTES that are confined in each space.

which SOLUTE for EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT? / what is the MAIN EXTRACELLULAR CATION

A

SODIUM

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12
Q

what are the MAIN EXTRACELLULAR ANIONS

A

CHLORIDE & BICARDBONATE, HCO3-

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13
Q

what are the MAIN INTRACELLULAR ANIONS

A

PROTEINS & PHOSPHATE

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14
Q

is CL- a MAIN extracellular or intracellular ANION

A

EXTRACELLULAR

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15
Q

is PO4 3- a MAIN extracellular or intracellular ANION

A

INTRACELLULAR

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16
Q

is NA+ a MAIN extracellular or intracellular CATION

A

EXTRACELLULAR

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17
Q

is HCO3- a MAIN extracellular or intracellular ANION

A

EXTRACELLULAR

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18
Q

is K+ a MAIN extracellular or intracellular CATION

A

INTRACELLULAR

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19
Q

are PROTEINS MAIN intracellular or extracellular ANIONS

A

INTRACELLULAR

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20
Q

INTRACELLULAR FLUID is CALLED ….
which is the site of multiple cell processes including metabolic processes and also involved in signal transduction from the cell membrane to sites within the cell

A

CYTOSOL

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21
Q

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID comprises what % of total BODY WEIGHT

  • PLASMA?
  • INTERSTITIAL SPACE?
A

20%

plasma 5%
Interstitial space 12%

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22
Q

INTERSTITIAL FLUID (around cells) have SIMILAR SOLUTES to PLASMA EXCEPT …

A

PROTEIN content

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23
Q

KEY HORMONE in FLUID HOMEOSTASIS that REDUCES the amount of WATER LOST in URINE

A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE / VASOPRESSIN

from POSTERIOR PITUITARY

and on KIDNEYS (dct and collecting duct)

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24
Q

which part of the KIDNEYS REGULATE WATER OUTPUT

A

DCT and COLLECTING DUCTS of the NEPHRONS

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25
what CONSUMES a LARGE PORTION of our BASAL METABOLIC RATE / ENERGY
MAINTENANCE of IONIC GRADIENTS across cell membranes - may require active transport
26
uses of ELECTROLYTES:
- Help to MAINTAIN FLUID BALANCE - contribute to ACID-BASE REGULATION - Facilitate ENZYME REACTIONS - transmitting NEUROMUSCULAR REACTIONS
27
what is OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Minimum pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to PREVENT INWARD FLOW of its PURE SOLUTE across a semi-permeable membrane related to the TOTAL NUMBER of PARTICLES of SOLUTE
28
what is ONCOTIC PRESSURE
Osmotic pressure EXERTED BY PROTEINS (due to presence of proteins, mostly ALBUMIN)
29
how is OSMOTIC PRESSURE on BOTH SIDES of a CELL MEMBRANE
must always be THE SAME so water will move even if it causes the cell to shrink of expand
30
what are the ONLY SOLUTES that DO NOT PASS FREELY between PLASMA and INTERSTITIUM (are not filtered out of Plasma)
PROTEINS
31
what is the MOST ABUNDANT PLASMA PROTEIN that makes the MAJOR CONTRIBUTION (about 80%) to the ONCOTIC PRESSURE
ALBUMIN
32
How does OSMOTIC PRESSURE and ONCOTIC PRESSURE CHANGE across the length of the capillary, from arterial to venous end
OSMOTIC PRESSURE DECREASES - high at arterial - low at venous ONCOTIC PRESSURE STAYS THE SAME THROUGHOUT
33
OSMOTIC PRESSURE causes FLUID to move in what direction
OUTWARD FLOW OUT OF BLOOD to be FILTERED and for EXCHANGE in interstitial fluid (at arterial end)
34
ONCOTIC PRESSURE causes FLUID to move in what direction (force in what direction)
INWARD FLOW PULLS FLUID BACK INTO BLOOD PLASMA at VENOUS END (where osmotic pressure is low so exceeds)
35
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE in BLOOD VESSULS is the pressure of..
the BLOOD AGAINST THE WALL forced fluid OUT of capillary into interstitium (opposing force to Oncotic Pressure) capillaries act like a leaky hosepipe, HP forces some fluid out of walls (large molecules and proteins cannot pass)
36
where is CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE HIGHER
At ARTERIAL END - 30 mmHg lower at Venous end - 10 mmHg (except in kidneys where high capillary Hps in Glomerulus mean filtration is high across full length of capillary)
37
MOVEMENT of FLUID ACROSS CAPILLARIES depends on the BALANCES between:
- CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE & INTERSTITIAL FLUID HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE - PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE & INTERSTITIAL FLUID ONCOTIC PRESSURE
38
FLUID FILTRATION is HIGH at ARTERIAL END and LOW at VENOUS END. how does ALBUMIN CONC. CHANGE
INCREASES - HIGH at VENOUS END as more fluid has left
39
what provides an ALTERNATIVE ROUTE for the TRANSPORT of FLUIDS and PROTEIN AWAY FROM INTERSTITIAL SPACES (as filtration > reabsorption into blood so excess fluid goes where)
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (system of fine lymphatic channels throughout the body passing via lymph nodes to thoracic duct) (valves ensure one-way flow)
40
LYMPH is a CLEAR, COLOURLESS FLUID that is COMPOSED of..
96% WATER 4% SOLIDS (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, non-protein nitrogen, electrolytes)
41
5 FUNCTIONS of LYMPH
- RETURN PROTEINS from tissue spaces INTO BLOOD - REMOVAL of BACTERIA, TOXINS and other FOREIGN BODIES from tissues - MAINTAIN STRUCTURAL and FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY of TISSUE - ROUTE for INTESTINAL FAT ABSORPTION (helps fat absorption as chylomicrons carried away in lymph) - TRANSPORT LYMPHOCYTES (immune function)
42
what is an OEDEMA
condition where there is an INCREASED VOLUME of INTERSTITIAL FLUID in a tissue or organ may be localised or generalised
43
CAUSES of OEDEMA (increased volume interstitial fluid)
- RAISED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE and SALT/WATER RETENTION - REDUCED ONCOTIC PRESSURE (LOW PROTEIN in plasma) - IMPAIRED LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE - ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE (INFLAMMATION)
44
how is HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE in an OEDEMA
RAISED
45
how is ONCOTIC PRESSURE in an OEDEMA
REDUCED
46
How is SALT/WATER RETENTION in OEDEMA
RAISED -> raising hydrostatic pressure
47
what causes MINIMAL / NO REABSORPTION of FLUID at VENULAR END leading to OEDEMA
INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AT VENULAR END EXCEEDS PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE
48
what can cause RAISED CAPILLARY PRESSURE (Hydrostatic) especially at VENOUS END , causing OEDEMA
CARDIAC FAILURE (eg. following myocardial infarction)
49
what causes REDUCED PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE which can cause OEDEMA
REDUCED ALBUMIN / Protein SYNTHESIS in LIVER (eg LIVER FAILURE / DISEASE) - low proteins in plasma NET MOVEMEMENT of FLUID INTO INTERSTITIAL TISSUES DECREASE in REABSORPTION / movement back into blood at VENULAR END (low plasma volume triggers RAAS, na+ and H2O retention which increases likelihood of OEDEMA)
50
how can ALTERATION in LYMPHATIC FLOW cause OEDEMAS
if NET FILTRATION > LYMPH FLOW the INTERSTITIAL VOLUME SWELLS with FLUID as less carried away by lymph (due to lymphatic obstruction or tissue injury) eg due to TUMOURS or LYMPH NODE REMOVAL
51
how can LIVER DISEASE cause OEDEMA
REDUCED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (albumin) LESS PROTEINS IN PLASMA - REDUCED ONCOTIC PRESSURE
52
how can CARDIAC FAILURE cause OEDEMA
INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE RAISED at VENULAR END - EXCEEDS PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE so NO/MINIMAL REABSORPTION of FLUID BACK INTO BLOOD (more fluid in interstitial space)
53
how can TUMOURS cause OEDEMA
ALTERATION in LYMPHATIC FLOW if NET FILTRATION > LYMPHATIC FLOW when INTERSTITIAL FLUID SWELLS with FLUID
54
how can ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE caused by INFLAMMATION cause OEDEMA
VASCULAR DILATION and INCREASED BLOOD FLOW INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY to PLASMA PROTEINS proteins flow out - REDUCED PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE so NO/MINIMAL REABSORPTION of FLUID FROM INTERSTITIAL space also LEUKOCYTE EMIGRATION and ACCUMULATION at site of injury
55
How are BODY FLUIDS SEPARATED
separated into COMPARTMENTS by SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANES membranes are HIGHLY PERMEABLE to WATER but REQUIRE ENERGY to TRANSPORT IONS
56
what DETERMINES the DISTRIBUTION of FLUIS between the INTRACELLULAR and EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS
CONC. of NA+, CL- and other ELECTROLYTES ic - K+ ec - Na+
57
OSMOTIC PRESSURE is the pressure EXERTED BY..
the FLOW of WATER through
58
OSMOTIC PRESSURE is the pressure EXERTED BY..
the FLOW of WATER through a SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE separating 2 solutions with different conc. of solute
59
SODIUM TRANSPORT is REGULATED by which HORMONE
ANGIOTENSIN II
60
what HORMONE also SALT and WATER RETENTION
ALDOESTERONE
61
RENAL DISEASES occur when the kidneys...
retain more sodium and water at a given arterial pressure

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