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Cardiovascular > 3. Physiology I - Fluid Regulation and Perfusion system > Flashcards

3. Physiology I - Fluid Regulation and Perfusion system Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Parts of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A
  • HEART (PUMP) at centre
  • BLOOD VESSELS
  • FLUID (blood and body fluids)
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2
Q

what are the 3 FUNCTIONS of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A
  • CIRCULATE BLOOD to CELLS and TISSUES
  • DELIVERY O2 and NUTRIENTS
  • CARRY AWAY METABOLIC WASTE products
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3
Q

as HEART CONTRACTS how does DEOXYGENATED BLOOD travel to the LUNGS for oxygenation (PULMONARY CIRCUIT)

A

through PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE to the PULMONARY TRUNK

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4
Q

how is OXYGENATED BLOOD returned to the HEART from the LUNGS (pulmonary circuit)

A

through 4 PULMONARY VEINS to the Left Atrium

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5
Q

in SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT how does OXYGENATED BLOOD leave the HEART as it CONTRACTS (SYSTOLE)

A

through the AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE to the AORTA

though branching arteries and arterioles to capillaries (at tissues)

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6
Q

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD goes from CAPILLARIES to…

A

VENULES and to VEINS
(to VENA CAVA back to right atrium of heart)

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7
Q

how much of BLOOD FLOW goes to the LUNGS

A

100%

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8
Q

besides lungs, which major ORGAN receives the MOST BLOOD FLOW and at what %

A

KIDNEYS - 22%

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9
Q

how much of BLOOD FLOWS to the BRAIN

A

14%

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10
Q

21% of BLOOD FLOW goes to the…

A

GI SYSTEM and SPLEEN

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11
Q

which BLOOD VESSEL has the SMALLEST LUMEN DIAMETER and THINNEST WALLS

A

CAPILLARY

  • 5μm lumen diameter
  • 1μm wall thickness
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12
Q

LUMEN DIAMETER of CAPILLARY

A

5μm

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13
Q

WALL THICKNESS of CAPILLARY

A

1μm

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14
Q

besides capillary, what also have THIN WALLS

A

VENULES - 2μm

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15
Q

why is FLUID BALANCE ESSENTIAL

A

to ensure sufficient and efficient MOVEMENT of ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS, GASES through the body’s cells

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16
Q

what can happen when FLUID LEVELS are NOT BALANCED

A

DEHYDRATION or HYPERHYDRATION
(affect BP)

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17
Q

How does DEHYDRATION (EXCESSIVE LOSS of BODY FLUID) affect BLOOD TONICITY, VOLUME and BLOOD PRESSURE

A
  • as INCREASES BLOOD TONICITY (conc. substances in blood)
  • DECREASES BLOOD VOLUME

therefore DECREASES BLOOD PRESSURE

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18
Q

how does HYPERHYDRATION (GAIN in BODY FLUID) affect BLOOD TONICITY, VOLUME and BLOOD PRESSURE

A
  • DECREASES BLOOD TONICITY
  • INCREASES BLOOD VOLUME

therefore INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE

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19
Q

CHANGE in blood TONICITY (conc. solutes) and VOLUME is DETECTED By…

A
  • KIDNEYS
  • OSMORECEPTORS in the HYPOTHALAMUS
    (detect changes in dilution of blood - osmolarity - and regulate secretion of ADH from pituitary)
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20
Q

PLASMA makes up how much of BLOOD

A

60%

  • WATER, SALTS, PLASMA PROTEINS
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21
Q

40% of BLOOD consists of

A

CELLS
- ERYTHROCYTES, LEUKOCYTES, PLATELETS

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22
Q

what are found in the WALLS of ARTERIES and VEINS

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE (thicker in artery) and ELASTIC

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23
Q

how are CAPILLARY WALLS

A

1 CELL THICK

  • INTERLOCKING CELLS
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24
Q

Materials LEAVE CAPILLARIES by which 3 MECHANISMS

Study These Flashcards
A
  • DIFFUSION
  • HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
  • PINOCYTOSIS (the cell membrane folds and creates small pockets and captures the cellular fluid and dissolved substances)
25
WHERE in the body has CAPILLARIES with CONTINUOUS WALLS - continuous endothelial lining and basement membrane
in BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER, DERMIS (SKIN), HEART
26
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES are supported by..
PERICYTES - wrap around the single layer of endothelial cells)
27
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES have structures for controlling... across the wall
PERMEABILITY
28
where are FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES found
KIDNEYS
29
what do FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES allow
more efficient FLUID EXCHANGE as they are 10x MORE PERMEABLE
30
where might you find DICONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
LIVER, SPLEEN, BONE MARROW
31
what do DISCONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES allow
BLOOD CELL TRANSFER
32
VASCULAR system possesses different MECHANISMS for PROMOTING CONTINUOUS FLOW of BLOOD to the CAPILLARIES these are:
- ELASTIC RECOIL - SMOOTH MUSCLE REGULATION of DIAMETER of vessels - SPHINCTERS/VALVES to allow flow in 1 direction
33
where is MOST of the BLOOD sitting (act as Blood Resevoir)
VEINS and VENULES of the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT - thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue
34
PERFUSION is the...
CIRCULATION of BLOOD within an ORGAN or TISSUE to MEET the CELL'S NEEDS for OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS, WASTE REMOVAL all organs dependent on adequate perfusion to function properly (otherwise can die)
35
CAPILLARY WALLS are IMPERMEABLE TO: (don't allow to pass out)
PROTEINS and BLOOD CELLS (permeable to gases, ions, water, nutrients, vitamins, hormones)
36
what do CAPILLARY WALLS have that help PERFUSION (blood moving out)
- INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS / SLITS - FENESTRATIONS (with PORES) also have small diameter, and 1 cell thick lining
37
2 MECHANISMS of CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
- SIMPLE DIFFUSION down conc. gradient - FILTRATION from plasma out / ABSORPTION back into plasma
38
FILTRATION and REABSORPTION at CAPILLARY is DETERMINED by which PRESSURES
- Capillary HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (CHP) pressure exerted by the blood against the capillary wall, which drives fluid OUT - BLOOD COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE (BCOP) pressure created by the conc. of Colloidal Proteins in the blood
39
NET FILTRATION PRESSURE (NFP) =
CHP - BCOP capillary hydrostatic pressure - blood colloidal osmotic pressure
40
how are PRESSURES during FILTRATION at the ARTERIAL END (Fluid OUT of capillary)
CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE > BLOOD COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE CHP (35) GREATER than BCOP (25) NFP = +10 mm Hg
41
how are PRESSURES during REABSORPTION at the VENOUS END (Fluid BACK INTO capillary)
CHP < BCOP capillary hydrostatic pressure (18) is LESS than Blood colloidal osmotic pressure (25) NFP = -7 mm Hg
42
NFP at ARTERIAL END
+10 mm Hg
43
NFP at VENOUS END
-7 mm Hg
44
NFP MID CAPILLARY
0 mm Hg (CHP = BCOP)
45
FUNCTIONS of LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (lymphatic capillaries)
- DRAIN EXCESS FLUID FROM TISSUES (as more fluid filtered out than reabsorbed) - TRANSPORT CLEAN FLUIDS BACK INTO BLOOD - REMOVES 'DEBRIS' from CELLS (immune function) - TRANSPORTS FATS from DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (chylomicrons)
46
what is necessary in MAINTAINING ADEQUATE PERFUSION
BLOOD VOLUME
47
what happens when a TISSUE LOSES its BLOOD SUPPLY
ISCHEMIA which may lead to tissue death, INFARCT after some time
48
which SYSTEM is responsible for REGULATING BLOOD VOLUME
RENAL system: RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ANGIOTENSINOGEN SYSTEM (RAAS) (aka renin-angiotensin system, RAS)
49
what does KIDNEY do if BLOOD VOLUME is LOW
MORE REABSORPTION
50
what does KIDNEY do if BLOOD VOLUME is LOW
MORE REABSORPTION of filtrate
51
when is RENIN RELEASED from the JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
when there is a DROP in BLOOD PRESSURE and DROP in FLUID VOLUME - sensed by MACULA DENSA cells
52
how do we get ANGIOTENSIN I in RAAS
RENIN CLEAVES ANGIOTENSINOGEN from liver
53
MACULA DENSE CELLS SENSE...
NaCl CONC. and FLOW - decreased NaCl or flow causes release renin
54
ANGIOTENSIN II acts on which RECEPTORS
AT1 RECEPTORS (G-protein coupled)
55
ACTIONS of ANGIOTENSIN II
- VASOCONSTRICTION of blood vessels to increase vascular resistance and INCREASE BP - stimulates RELEASE ALDOSTERONE from ADRENAL CORTEX which acts on KIDENYS to INCREASE Na+ and H2O RETENTION/REABSORPTION (INCREASE blood VOLUME and BP) - stimulates release of VASOPRESSIN / ADH from posterior PITUITARY which acts on KIDNEYS to INCREASE REABSORPTION / RETENTION of H2O (INCREASE blood VOLUME and BP) - stimulates NORADRENALINE RELEASE and INHIBITS UPTAKE from nerve endings, enhancing SYMPATHETIC ADRENERGIC FUNCTION - stimulates CARDIAC and VASCULAR HYPERTROPHY (muscle growth in vascular system over time)
56
ANGIOTENSIN II stimulates the RELEASE of which HORMONES
- ALDOSTERONE (adrenal cortex) - ADH / VASOPRESSIN (posterior pituitary) - NORADRENALINE (adrenal medulla)
57
what BINDS to G-PROTEIN COUPLES RECEPTORS
ANGIOTENSIN II (AT1 RECEPTORS)
58
ANGIOTENSIN II stimulates ... and ... HYPERTROPHY
CARDIAC and VASCULAR

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