12. Middle Ages Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Norman Conquest / Battle of Hastings
A
- October 14, 1066
- Normans (William the Conqueror) vs. Anglo-Saxons (Harold Godwinson)
- Battle of Hastings over the English crown
2
Q
William the Conquerer
A
- Duke of Normandy, that invaded, took over, and united most of England
3
Q
Why was the battle over Jerusalem so important during the Crusades?
A
- It was an extremely important holy land for Christians, Muslims (Al Aqsa Mosque, Dome of the Rock), and Jews (Temple of Solomon).
4
Q
Who were medieval Christian scholars influenced by?
A
- Greek philosophers
5
Q
Where are Vikings from?
A
- Germanic people from Scandinavia
- Wintry wooded area in Northern Europe
6
Q
What was beginning to happen on the 1300s?
A
- The Age of Faith still seemed strong, but soon the pope + Church in trouble after pope tries to control King and King refuses
7
Q
What happened to Jews + Muslims in 1492 Spain?
A
- The Monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella expelled all practicing Jews + Muslims from Spain
8
Q
What happened to Jerusalem at the end of the First Crusade?
A
- Christian knights besieged Jerusalem for 1 month & capture it on July 15, 1099
- 4 feudal Crusader states, each ruled by a European noble.
9
Q
What event marked the end of the European Middle Ages?
A
- The end of the Hundred Years War in 1453
10
Q
What did Magyars do after conquering land?
A
- Magyars took captives to sell as slaves
11
Q
What did Charlemagne do? (Military)
A
- Charlemagne nearly doubled his father’s empire, and spread Christianity thru conquests
12
Q
What did Charlemagne do for Church (cause+ effect)
A
- Charlemagne crushed a mob that attacked the pope in Rome, and Pope Leo 3 crowned him Roman emperor in return in 800
13
Q
What changes did the Hundred Year’s War bring about?
A
- The War brought a change in the style of warfare in Europe w/ the longbow
14
Q
Treaty of Verdun effect
A
- Caused Carolingian kings to lose power + central authority broke down, leading to feudalism
15
Q
Treaty of Verdun
A
- The 3 sons fought 4 control of the empire, and signed Treaty of Verdun IN 843, dividing empire into 3 kingdoms
16
Q
Tithe
A
- Church tax 1/10 of income
17
Q
Thomas Aquinas (Who? And what did he combine?)
A
- A scholar that argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
- Combined Ancient Greek thought with Christian thought of his time (Summa Theologicae)
18
Q
The rise of university
A
- Grew from a meeting of a group of scholars, into actual buildings in Paris, Italy, and Oxford.
19
Q
Simony
A
- Bishops selling positions in the Church
20
Q
Secular
A
- Under Pope Gregory, papacy became secular/ worldly power involved in politics
21
Q
Scholastics (Who + what did they do?)
A
- Aquinas and his fellow scholars, that met @ universities + used Aristotle to debate issues
- Influenced thinking + developed democracy
22
Q
Saladin
A
- A Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader
- Jerusalem fell to him at the end of the Second Crusade
23
Q
Romanesque
A
- Churches built in this style had round arches & a heavy roof w/ thick walls & pillars
24
Q
Roman vs. Medieval society
A
- Roman: Loyalty to public government & written law
- Medieval: Family ties & personal loyalty. Lived in small communities governed by unwritten rules & traditions
25
Role universities played in the revival of learning
- While most ppl wrote in Latin, some poets used vernacular, or the everyday language of their homeland, making it easier for people to read
26
Role of the Capetian dynasty in France's political development
- United France
27
Richard the Lion Hearted
- English King, lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain Holy land from Saladin.
- They agreed to a truce in 1192
28
Reconquista ends in
1492
29
Reconquista
- Long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain.
30
Reasons why ppl supported the Crusades (4)
1. Muslims controlled Palestine (holy land) & threatened Constantinople
2. Pope reunite 1054 Schism
3. Get rid of quarrelsome knights
4. Merchants make $ on loans
31
Pope Urban 2
- Pope Urban 2 called for the First Crusade in 1095.
32
Plunder
- Violent + dishonest acquisition of property
| - Looting
33
Pepin the Short cause + effect
- He cooperated w/ pope, & fought the Roman threat Lombards 4 the church
- In return, pope anointed Pepin "King by grace of God."
34
Parliament
- Legislative group
| - 2 burgesses (rich ppl w/ property) from every borough + 2 knights from every county
35
Overall effect of invasions
- Shift of loyalty from public gov't & written law > family ties & personal loyalty
36
Otto the Great
- Crowned Holy Roman emperor in 962, after he formed close alliance w/ church + invaded Italy for the Church
37
Monks + nuns
- Gave up private possessions & devoted life to serving God
38
Monastery role in society
- Monasteries became Europe's best educated communities
| - Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, & copied books
39
Middle Ages
- Medieval era of European history after the decline of the Roman Empire.
- 500-1500
40
Major Domo
- Mayor of the palace, ruled the kingdom
41
Magma Carta/ Great Charter (When + What 3 things did it guarantee?)
- Written June 15, 1215
| - Guaranteed certain basic political rights like no tax w/o rep, jury trial, protection of the law
42
Lord, fief, vassal
- In exchange for military protection + other, a lord/landowner granted land called a fief to a vassal
43
Leif Ericson reached North America in
1000
44
Lay investiture
- A ceremony in which kings + nobles appointed church officials
45
Joan of Arc dates:
Leads the French army @ Orleans
Burned @ the stake
- Joan of Arc leads the French army @ Orleans: May 7, 1429
| - Burned @ stake: May 30, 1431
46
Joan of Arc
- A teenage peasant girl that felt moved by God to rescue France from English conquerors.
- She helped France: Charles 7 gain control of throne again
47
Invaders during 800-1000
- Vikings from the north
- Magyars from the east
- Muslims from the south
48
Inquisition
- A court held by the Church to suppress heresy, or a religious belief that differed from the Church
49
Impact of the plague on society
- Economic (trade declined, prices rose)
- Church became unpopular
- Manorial system crumbled
- Peasant revolts bc nobles won't pay them more
50
Impact of the Great Schism on the church's authority
- The Great Schism greatly weakened the papacy
51
Hundred Year's War
- The war England's Edward 3 launched to claim the French throne
- England vs. France
52
Hugh Capet
- Duke from France that succeeded last Carolingian family member
- Began the Capetian dynasty of French kings that ruled France
53
How were works of Greek philosophers passed on to European scholars
- Jewish scholars living in Spain translated Arabic versions of Greek philosopher works (Aristotle) into Latin
54
Common law
- Law formed by the rulings of England's royal judges
55
Holy Roman Empire
- Ruled by Otto the Great, formed close alliance w/ Church, strongest state in Europe
56
Henry 4 begs for 3 days in the snow in
January 1077
57
Henry 2
- Becomes King of England in 1154, and married Eleanor of Aquitaine from France
58
Guild
- An organization of individuals in the same job working to improve the economic + social conditions of its members.
59
Great Schism
- 2 popes, each declared other the false pope and excommunicated each other.
- Clement 5: French pope that moved the papacy to Avignon, France in 1305.
- Clement 7: Italian pope in Rome
60
Gothic
- The term Goths comes from a Germanic tribe named the Goths
- Characteristics: Tall, sculptures, woodcarvings, and stained glass windows
- Very spiky
61
How did England vs. France develop a stronger central gov't?
- England: Henry 2 sent royal judges to collect taxes, and created juries
- France: Philip 2 established bailiffs: whom presided over king's courts and collected taxes
62
Franks were ___, held power in ___, and led by ___.
- Frank's were GERMANIC PEOPLES, held power in ROMAN PROVINCE OF GAUL, and led by CLOVIS
63
Feudalism structure
1. King
2. Powerful vassals- nobles + bishops
3. Knights
4. Peasants
64
Feudal system is based on...
- The feudal system is based on rights and obligations
65
How were Jews + Muslims treated under the Inquisition?
- Many converted to Christianity
| - Those suspected of heresy were questioned, tortured, and burned at the stake
66
Estates- General
- 3 Estates that helped to increase royal power against the nobility
3 Estates:
1. Church leaders
2. Lords
3. Commoners, wealthy landowners and merchants
67
Effect of constant invasions on the rise of feudalism
- Kings couldn't defend from invasions > people looked to lords w/armies for security
68
Dante writes the Divine Comedy in
1308
69
Crusade
- A holy war to gain control of holy land
70
Concordat of Worms
- Signed in 1122
- The Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the app't.
- Resolved fight over lay investiture
71
Commercial Revolution
- The expansion of trade and business
72
Clergy
- Bishops and priests
73
Christianity effect on Clovis (Franks)
- Clovis asked God for help and won battle, converts to Christianity
@496
- Roman Church welcomed him
- Marked start of alliance w/ 2 powerful forces
74
Children's Crusade
- 1212, children set out to conquer Jerusalem
75
Charles Martel wins the Battle of Tours in
732
76
Charlemagne
- Pepin the Short's son, op af, absolute savage
77
Cathedrals
- Viewed as the representation of the City of God.
78
Carolingian Dynasty
- Family that ruled Franks beginning with Pepin the Short
79
Canon law
- Church law in matters such as marriage and religious practices
80
Burghers
- Merchant class town dwellers
81
Bubonic plague
- Began in Asia, hit Sicily in 1347
| - Purplish/ blackish spots on skin
82
Angles and Saxons (Who and What did they do?)
- Invaders from Europe that landed on English shores
| - They brought their own ways and created an Anglo-Saxon culture
83
Age of Faith (3)
- Monasteries led the spiritual revival.
- Reformers @ Cluny monastery in France est. new religious orders
- Popes reformed the church
84
3 things medieval life & society rooted in:
1. Classical Rome heritage
2. Beliefs of Roman Catholic Church
3. Customs of various Germanic tribes
85
3 positive consequences of the Crusades
- Men heeded call to Holy lands, women stayed home and took on more responsibility
- Merchants expanded trade
- Trade w/ West benefited both Christians and Muslims
86
3 negative consequences of the Crusades
- Lessened power of the pope, and weakened feudal nobility
- People lost their lives + fortunes
- Fall of Constantinople weakened Byzantine empire
- Jews Christians Muslims suffered
87
2 methods farmers used in later medieval society. What happened during this time?
- Switch from
Oxen -> Horsepower, AND 3 field system: plant on 2, rest on 1
- Warmer climate, expanding civilization
88
2 goals of Muslim invaders?
- Conquer & settle in Europe
| - Plunder
89
Battle of Tours effect
Stopped expansion of Islamic Empire into Europe
