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CR2 > Cardiomyopathies > Flashcards

Cardiomyopathies Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart muscle where walls of the heart have become thickened or stiff

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2
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart wall

A

Myocardium

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3
Q

Which cells make up the myocardium

A

Cardiomyocytes

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4
Q

Which filaments are involved in cardiomyocyte contraction

A

Myosin
Actin

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5
Q

Compensatory reflexes to cardiomyopathies

A

Sympathetic nervous system activation
RAAS activation
Atrial natriuretic peptide

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6
Q

3 types of cardiomyopathies

A

Dilated
Restrictive
Hypertrophic

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7
Q

What happens in Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Ventricular dilation and stretching of muscle fibres

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8
Q

What happens in Restrictive cardiomyopathies

A

Restricted/ stiff walls and impaired ventricular filling

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9
Q

What happens in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Excessive wall thickening of cardiac muscle with disorganised muscle and fibrotic plaques

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10
Q

Cardiomyopathy symptoms

A

May not be signs or symptoms in early stages
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Light headedness
Fainting
angina
Palpitations
Leg and feet Oedema
Abdomen swelling
Cough
Chest congestion
Sleeping difficulty
Weight gain

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11
Q

Why do cardiomyopathies cause palpitations

A

Arrhythmias

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12
Q

Why do cardiomyopathies cause chest pain

A

Reduced oxygen

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13
Q

Why do cardiomyopathies cause breathlessness

A

Pulmonary oedema

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14
Q

Why do cardiomyopathies cause dizziness and fainting

A

Reduced oxygen and blood flow to brain

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15
Q

Why do cardiomyopathies cause tiredness

A

Reduced cardiac output

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16
Q

Why do cardiomyopathies cause peripheral oedema

A

Reduced cardiac output

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17
Q

What type of cardiomyopathy is caused by left or biventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

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18
Q

How does dilated cardiomyopathy effect stroke volume and cardiac output

A

Decrease

19
Q

Why is ventricular filling impaired in cardiomyopathy

A

Disorganised myofibrils and sarcomeres,
Fibrotic plaques

20
Q

How does dilated cardiomyopathy affect preload

A

Increase

21
Q

How does the cardiovascular system compensate for a reduction in CO

A

frank starling mechanism
Neurohormonal mechanism
RAAS activation

22
Q

What can compensatory mechanisms to dilated cardiomyopathies cause

A

Heart failure

23
Q

How can increased preload and afterload lead to heart failure

A

Reduced ejection fraction
Increased wall stress

24
Q

How can angiotensin II and aldosterone lead to heart failure

A

Lead to Pathogenic cardiac remodelling

25
Q

Gene abnormalities in which proteins can increase dilated cardiomyopathy risk

A

Myofibril

26
Q

What observations may appear on examination of a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Raised JVP
displaced apex beat
Peripheral oedema

27
Q

What testing is used in cardiomyopathy diagnosis

A

ECG
echocardiogram
Cardiac MRI
Genetic testing

28
Q

What does increased total peripheral resistance lead to

A

Increased Na+ and H2O retention
Oedema
Pulmonary system congestion

29
Q

What drugs are used in dilated cardiomyopathy management

A

Beta blockers
Anticoagulants
Dupiuretics
ACE inhibitors
angiotensin II receptor blockers

30
Q

What do ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers do

A

Lower blood pressure

31
Q

Which devices are used to control arrhythmias

A

Pacemaker
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD

32
Q

Surgeries for dilated cardiomyopathy management

A

Remove areas of heart muscle that affect blood flow from heart
Heart transplant

33
Q

What causes hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy tightens aortic valve space

34
Q

What does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause

A

Increased left ventricular wall thickness
Interstitial fibrosis
Arrhythmia
Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and disarray

35
Q

How is ventricular volume effected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Unaffected or decreased

36
Q

What can lead to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and mitral valve obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Septal thickening

37
Q

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

A

Obstructed blood flow from heart to body

38
Q

Which ventricle is more likely to be affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Left

39
Q

Which type of myopathy is the most frequent cause of sudden death in young people

A

Hypertrophic

40
Q

What is the major cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Genetic mutations in sacromeric proteins and myofilament elements

41
Q

What is the basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosis

A

Otherwise unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy identified by echo or MRI

42
Q

Alcohol septal ablation

A

Using alcohol to kill septal enlargement

43
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy management

A

Implantable cardioverter/defibrillator
Surgical myectomy
Drugs
Anti coagulation
Antiarrhythmics
Ablation

CR2 (33 decks)

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