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CR2 > The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid
Transports dietary lipids from GI tract to blood
Immune responses

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2
Q

What type of nutrient is transported from the GI tract to the blood by lymph

A

Lipids

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3
Q

What role does lymph have in cancer

A

Spreads malignancy

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4
Q

Are hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in the arteriolar end of the capillary bed high or low

A

High hydrostatic pressure
Low osmotic pressure

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5
Q

Are hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in the venous end of the capillary bed high or low

A

Low hydrostatic pressure
High osmotic pressure

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6
Q

What generates the high hydrostatic pressure in the arteriolar end of capillary beds

A

Pressure in arterioles system

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7
Q

What generates the high osmotic pressure in the venous end of capillary beds

A

Protein remains in blood but H2O has been forced out

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8
Q

Where does lymphatic fluid come from

A

Excess interstitial fluid

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9
Q

How much excess interstitial fluid is drained by the lymphatic system a day

A

3 litres

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10
Q

Are lymph vessels 1 or 2 directional

A

1

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11
Q

How is 2 way flow of lymph prevented

A

Valves

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12
Q

What is the sequence of lymph vessels from lymphatic capillary to lymphatic duct

A

Lymphatic Capillary -> lymphatic collecting vessels -> lymph nodes -> lymph trunk -> lymphatic duct

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13
Q

Lymphatic filariasis

A

Roundworm infection of lymph nodes blocking lymphatic drainage so interstitial fluid builds up in tissues

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14
Q

Lymph node

A

Small mass of lymphoid tissue located along the length of the lymphatic vessels which lymph is filtered through

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15
Q

Why do lymph nodes swell during infection

A

Increased numbers of lymphocytes

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16
Q

Which vessels does lymph enter and leave the lymph nodes through

A

Enters through afferent lymphatic vessels
Leaves through efferent lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

What separates different regions within lymph nodes

A

Trabeculae

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18
Q

What parts of the body have lymph drained to the right lymphatic trunk

A

Right arm and right side of head + neck

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19
Q

What parts of the body does lymph drain to the thoracic duct

A

Lower limbs, abdomen, left arm, left head +neck

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20
Q

Where is the venous angle

A

Where internal jugular vein meets the subclavian vein

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21
Q

Inflammation of which node may suggest stomach cancer

A

Virchow node

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22
Q

What layer of tissue are superficial lymphatic vessels found in

A

Subcutaneous

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23
Q

What do superficial lymphatic vessels drain into

A

Deep lymphatics

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24
Q

Where are the 3 sites of superficial lymph nodes

A

Cervical
Axillary
Inguinal

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25
Q

Which vessels do the superficial cervical lymph nodes run along

A

External jugular vein

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26
Q

Which vessel do the deep cervical nodes run along

A

Internal jugular vein

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27
Q

Where do efferent vessels from the deep cervical nodes run to

A

Right jugular trunk

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28
Q

Superficial cervical nodes

A

Occipital
Retroauricular
Parotid
Buccal
Submental
Submandibular

29
Q

What structures are drained by the superficial cervical nodes

A

Tongue
Tonsils
Pinna
Scalp
Neck
Thorax

30
Q

Which structures are drained by the deep cervical nodes

A

Tongue
Tonsils
Pinna
Parotid
Oropharynx
Nose
Paranasal sinuses
Palate
Larynx
Trachea
Oesophagus
Middle ear

31
Q

When are lymph nodes readily palpable

A

Fighting infections

32
Q

What is the difference between lymph nodes during infection and malignancy

A

Infection - firm, tender, enlarged, warm
Malignancy - firm, non tender, matted, fixed, size incr over time

33
Q

What can cause lymph nodes to become fixed and matted

A

Malignancy

34
Q

What is the most important factor in the spread of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from primary sites

A

Metastatic neck disease

35
Q

What structures are removed in a radical neck dissection

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Internal jugular vein
Spinal accessory nerve
Cervical lymph nodes

36
Q

What procedure involves removal of 3 or fewer of the SCM, IJV, spinal accessory nerve, and cervical lymph nodes

A

Modified radical neck dissection

37
Q

What procedure involves removal of 2 of the SCM, IJV, and spinal accessory nerve

A

Selective neck dissection

38
Q

Which lymph nodes does 75% of the lymph from the breast drain to

A

Axillary

39
Q

Nodes in axillary lymph nodes group

A

Humeral
Pectoral
Subscapular
Central
Apical
Supraclavicular

40
Q

What structures are removed in a radical mastectomy

A

All breast tissue
Nipple
Axillary lymph nodes
Portion of pec major

41
Q

What tissues/structures are removed in a modified radical mastectomy

A

Breast
Nipple
Most axillary nodes

42
Q

What is the difference between a radical mastectomy and a modified radical mastectomy

A

Radical removes all axillary lymph nodes and some of pec major, modified doesnt

43
Q

What is sentinel lymph node identification used for

A

Identify which lymph nodes need to be removed due to cancer

44
Q

What happens in sentinel lymph node identification

A

Radioactive subastance/dye injected into tumour -> stained nodes removed

45
Q

Where are inguinal lymph nodes located

A

Femoral triangle

46
Q

What are the 2 groups of inguinal lymph nodes

A

Vertical
Horizontal

47
Q

What vessel do the vertical inguinal lymph nodes run along

A

Great saphenous vein

48
Q

Where do the horizontal inguinal lymph nodes run

A

Superficial to inguinal ligament

49
Q

Where are the deep inguinal nodes

A

Femoral canal

50
Q

Where do the superficial lymphatics from the anterior abdominal wall, perineum, and external genitalia ex testes drain to

A

Horizontal inguinal lymph nodes

51
Q

Where do internal organs drain lymph to

A

Deep nodes

52
Q

Pre aortic lymph nodes

A

Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric

53
Q

What is the beginning of the thoracic duct

A

Cisterna chyli

54
Q

Where does lymph from the common iliac nodes drain to

A

Lumbar nodes

55
Q

Where does lymph from the GI tract drain to

A

Pre aortic lymph nodes

56
Q

Where do the intestinal, right lumbar, and left lumbar trunks drain to

A

Cisterna chyli

57
Q

What nodes drain the thorax

A

Bronchomediastinal trunks
Superior tracheobronchial nodes
Bronchopulmonary nodes
Inter pulmonary nodes
Interlobar lymph vessels
Sub pleural plexus
Inferior trachea bronchial nodes

58
Q

What lymph nodes drain the heart

A

Inferior trachea bronchial nodes

59
Q

How does the thoracic duct cross the diapragm

A

Aortic hiatus

60
Q

Which part of the mediastinum is the thoracic duct in

A

Posterior

61
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

62
Q

Which abdominal region is the spleen in, and which ribs is it under

A

Left hypochondrium
9-11th

63
Q

Roles of the spleen

A

Lymphocyte proliferation
RBC filtration
RBC destruction
RBC storage

64
Q

What happens to the thymus after puberty

A

Progressive atrophy and replacement by fat

65
Q

Which part of the mediastinum is the thymus in

A

Superior

66
Q

Waldeyers ring

A

Ring of tonsils at the back of the mouth that acts as a barrier for pathogens

67
Q

4 tonsils

A

Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal
Tubal

68
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils

A

Opening of Eustachian tube

69
Q

What are the pharyngeal tonsils termed when enlarged

A

Adenoids

CR2 (33 decks)

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