Chapter 1

Question 1

The importance of the consumer role

Answer 1

-understand course contents
-discern quality of news stories, products, or programs
-for our future career/personal interest

Question 2

The importance of the producer role

Answer 2

-completing course assignments
-for grad studies
-working in a lab
-working in industry

Question 3

Similarities between the consumer and producer roles

Answer 3

-answer questions with direct and formal observations
-communicate with others about what they learned
-(the practice of empiricism)

Question 4

Empiricism

Answer 4

relying on direct observations to gain knowledge or draw conclusions

Question 5

3 rules of systematic empiricism

Answer 5

-structured observations
-observe with a definite purpose
-guided by a theory

Question 6

What does systematic empiricism keep out?

Answer 6

Biases

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

a set of statements that describe general principles about how variables relate

Question 8

Hypothesis and prediction are AKA what?

Answer 8

hypothesis: conceptual hypothesis
prediction: experimental hypothesis

Question 9

Hypothesis

Answer 9

specific proposition that follows a theory that states the relation between 2 or more variables

Question 10

Prediction

Answer 10

expected outcome/results of a study

Question 11

2 types of logic

Answer 11

induction and deduction

Question 12

induction

Answer 12

starting with multiple specific instances and looking for a general statement/theme among them

Question 13

deduction

Answer 13

starting with a general statement and looking for a conclusion about multiple specific examples

Question 14

4 parts of theory data cycle

Answer 14

data > induction > theory > deduction >data

Question 15

objective poverty theory vs relative deprivation theory

Answer 15

objective: not able to afford basic needs
deprivation: feeling poor relative to others

Question 16

4 features of good scientific theories

Answer 16

-supported by data
-falsifiable
-parsimony
-theories don’t PROVE anything

Question 17

specify what it measns for a theory to be supported by data

Answer 17

consistent w observations and ties many observations together

Question 18

methodological pluralism

Answer 18

a range of methods in the same piece of research

Question 19

what does it mean for a theory to be falsifiable

Answer 19

-assertions can be proven false by a single, contrary observation
-assertions cant be proven true bc there’s always the chance of a contrary instance
-good theory leads to testable hypothesis

Question 20

parsimony

Answer 20

avoiding making unnecessary assumptions and the simplest explanation is always preferred

Question 21

strategy of strong inference

Answer 21

developing alternative hypotheses and ruling them out using data

Question 22

Merton’s 4 norms of science

Answer 22

-universalism
-communality
-disinterestedness
-organized skepticism

Question 23

Universalism

Answer 23

scientific claims are evaluated according to preestablished criteria and apply to all scientists REGARDLESS of the researcher’s credentials/reputation

Question 24

Communality

Answer 24

scientific knowledge is created by a community and belongs to the community

Question 25

Disinterestedness

Answer 25

all that scientists strive to discover is the TRUTH; not swayed by idealism, politics, profit, or conviction

Question 26

Organized skepticism

Answer 26

scientists question EVERYTHING including their own theories

Question 27

Which of Merton’s norms says that even a student without a degree can do science?

Answer 27

universalism

Question 28

Which of Merton’s norms says scientists should transparently share their findings with the public?

Answer 28

Communality

Question 29

Which of Merton’s norms says scientists should accept whatever the data tells them?

Answer 29

Disinterestedness

Question 30

Which of Merton’s norms says that scientists should accept nothing at face value?

Answer 30

Organized skepticism

Question 31

What is the role of the peer review process?

Answer 31

to provide an anonymous and honest assessment of a manuscript and to help decide if the paper deserves to be published

Question 32

what does scientific research in psyc seek to do?

Answer 32

Describe, predict and explain behaviors, thoughts and feelings

Question 33

3 types of research

Answer 33

basic, applied and translational

Question 34

goal of basic research

Answer 34

increase the general body of knowledge WITHOUT REGARD for specific problems/immediate use

Question 35

goal of applied research

Answer 35

applying research to a problem of IMMEDIATE CONCERN with a goal of finding a solution

Question 36

goal of translational research

Answer 36

integrates basic and applied research to TEST AND DEVELOP treatments and interventions

Question 37

3 problems with non-scientific journal articles

Answer 37

-motivation to report the research?
-is the source second-hand/not peer reviewed?
-exaggeration?