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Biology > Sugars and Carbs(topic 1) > Flashcards

Sugars and Carbs(topic 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Why are carbs important?

A

Energy source for animals and plants.
Large family of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

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2
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Molecule; 1 sugar unit

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3
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Molecule; 2 sugar units joined by glycosidic bond

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4
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Carb polymer; multiple sugar units

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5
Q

Describe a condensation reaction?

A

2 alpha glucose molecules are close enough for hydroxyl groups to react, bonds are broken and new bonds are made, forming a new molecule, removing water(H2O).

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6
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

It adds water(H2O)

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7
Q

What is the glucose chemical formula?

A

C6 H12 O6
1 : 2 : 1

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8
Q

What is glucose?

A

Basic building blocks of some biologically important molecules.

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9
Q

What are the two types of glucose?

A

Alpha and Beta

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10
Q

What is a glucose called due to being composed by 6 carbons?

A

Hexose monosaccharides

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11
Q

Glucose+Glucose= ?

A

Maltose

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12
Q

Glucose+Fructose= ?

A

Sucrose

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13
Q

Glucose+Galactose= ?

A

Lactose

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14
Q

How is the bond between monosaccharides formed?

A

C1 will move to connect with a C4,
2 OH groups will join, removing water (2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen) leaving 1 oxygen and the 1,4 glycosidic bond. This is now a disaccharide.

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15
Q

What type of bond is a Glycosidic bond?

A

Covalent bond

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16
Q

What are two common Monosaccharides?

A

Glucose and Fructose

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17
Q

What are two common Disaccharides?

A

Maltose and Sucrose

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18
Q

What are two common Polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen and starch

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19
Q

What are the two polysaccharides alpha-glucose’s that mix to make starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

20
Q

Describe the structure of Amylose

A

Monomer= Alpha glucose
Bond= 1,4 Glycosidic
Shape= Spiral (makes it compact)
Reason= Slower hydrolysis

21
Q

Describe the structure of Amylopectin

A

Monomer= Alpha glucose
Bond= 1,4 and 1,6 Glycosidic
Shape= Branched
Reason= Faster hydrolysis

22
Q

Describe the structure of Glycogen

A

Monomer= Alpha glucose
Bond= 1,4 and 1,6 Glycosidic
Shape= Branched
Reason= Faster hydrolysis

23
Q

Describe the structure of Cellulose

A

Monomer= Beta glucose
Bond= 1,4 Glycosidic
Shape= Straight
Reason= Strong

24
Q

What happens with every second Beta glucose?

A

It’s flipped 180 degrees

25
Q

What are some uses of lipids?

A
  • Source of energy
  • Biological membrane
  • Insulation
  • Waterproofing- cuticle of plants
  • Cushioning- protects vital organs
  • Hormones- Steroid hormones
26
Q

Which bonds do Triglycerides contain?

A

Ester bonds

27
Q

What is the main energy store in Plants?

A

Starch

28
Q

What do plants store excess glucose as?

A

Starch

29
Q

Why doesn’t starch affect water potential?

A

It’s insoluble in water so doesn’t cause water to enter cell by osmosis

30
Q

What is an advantage of starch being insoluble?

A

Stops cells swelling, making it good for storage

31
Q

What’s the test for starch?

A

Iodine test

32
Q

What is the main energy storage material in animals?

A

Glycogen

33
Q

What is different between glycogen and amylopectin structures, and why?

A

Glycogen has loads more side branches coming off it. This means that stored glucose can be released quickly. Glycogen is also very compact, making it good for storage.

34
Q

What carb is a major component of cell walls in plants?

A

Cellulose

35
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Long, branched chains of beta-glucose.

36
Q

How are cellulose chains connected? What does this do?

A

Linked by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils. This means cellulose provides structural support for cells.

37
Q

3 properties to triglycerides

A

Used as a energy storage molecule
Insoluble repel water
Shield themselves from water with the glycerol heads

38
Q

Why does bread taste like sugar after chewing for a while

A

Breaks bonds releasing glucose a form of sugar

39
Q

What happens to the bonds between glycerol and fatty acids during a hydrolysis reaction

A

Brown and water is used

40
Q

Name a type of drug given to people to reduce risk of Cvd

A

Statin

41
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride

A

One glycerol molecule attacked to 3 fatty acid strands held together by water bonds formed by condensation reactions

42
Q

What is the difference between a saturated lipid and a unsaturated lipid

A

Saturated doesn’t have any double bonds between carbon atoms every carbon is attached to at least two hydrogen atoms

Unsaturated do have double bonds between carbon atoms

43
Q

Difference in structure and function between high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins

A

High density lipoproteins and mainly proteins there function is to reduce total blood cholesterol when it is too high

Low density lipoproteins are mainly lipids their function is to increase blood cholesterol when it is too low

44
Q

2 ways how people can quit smokinh

A

Raising awareness through tv adverts and warnings on cigarettes packets

Prescribing nicotine patches

45
Q

what are the monomers present in cellulose and starch

A

cellulose-beta glucose

starch-alpha glucose

46
Q

define the term isomer

A

Organic molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formula

Biology (12 decks)

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