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Biology > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure of bacterial Dna

A

circular with no nuclear membrane

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2
Q

Describe how DNa is organised in a bacterial cell

A

large cicular dna

small plasmids

located in cytoplasm not in nucleus

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3
Q

Describe what happens to lysosomes once there contents have been released

A

lysosome fuse with cell membranes contents released from the cell via exocytosis

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4
Q

3 differences between eukaroytic and prokaryotic organisms

A

eukaroytic organisms have membrane bound organelles

eukaroytic organisms have a nucleus prokaryotic dont

size of ribosomes larger in prokaryotic

eukarotic organisms dont have plasmids.

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5
Q

what happens to lactate when it is absorbed from the blood

A

lactate is converted to pyruvate which is used in respiration

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6
Q

3 features that could be used to identify prokaryotic cells in a blood sample

A

no nucleus
plasmids
smaller ribosomes
circular dna
presence of cell wall

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7
Q

explain why the nucleus cannot be observed at the end of the prophase in a eukaryotic cell

A

end of prophase nucleus is pulled apart by spindle fibres meaning it isn’t in tact to observe

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8
Q

two functions of golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins
forms vesicles

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9
Q

3 phases of developing a new drug

A

find safe dosage
see if drug is effective
gather data too test for rare side effects

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10
Q

where is the bacteria capsule located

A

outside the cell

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11
Q

what does the term polygenic mean

A

a characteristic showing continuous variation caused by multiple genes at different loci

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12
Q

explain how epigenetic changes affect the development of tissues in the embryo

A

dna is wrapped around histones

modification of the histones prevents chromosome unwinding

therefore gene expression is faulty

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13
Q

deduce why people with a mutation of a gene for a particular protein makes them resistant to HIV

A

the receptor that binds to HIV is unable to bind with the receptor so HIv cannot enter the cell

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14
Q

explain why stem cells can help prevent HIV causing aids

A

stem cell can differentiate into any cell

they can differentiate into T helper cells which are resistant to HIV

T helper cells can also be destroyed by HIV which prevents the patient from producing a immune response

due to these t helper cells being destroyed HIV isn’t present in the blood

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15
Q

one difference between a tissue and a organ

A

tissue is made up of one type of cell and a organ is made up of different tissues

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16
Q

describe the decisions that society has to make about the use of embryonic stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells are totipotent meaning they can be used in a wide range of treatments and therapies

source of embryonic stem cells has to be considered

unethical as the use of them destroys embryos

need for licensing and regulation.

17
Q

what is a totipotent cell

A

a cell that has the ability to differentiate into all cell types

18
Q

describe how a cell becomes specialized

A

chemical signals cause some genes to be turned on. Activated genes are transcribed to produce mRNA mRNA leads to the synthesis of specific proteins which causes cell modification

19
Q

explain why stem cells from the heart cannot be used to grow cells to repair the cornea

A

cells are not totipotent
therefore some genes have already been switched on or off therefore wont be able to specialize into cornea cells

20
Q

explain why chemicals from the eye are needed to produce corneal cells to repair the cornea

A

chemicals cause some cells to be activated or deactivated .these turned on genes are transcribed using mRNA. specific mRNA can be translated into specific proteins. This caused the cell to develop into a corneal cell

21
Q

deduce why age affects time taken to recover from injuries

A

time taken to recover will increase with age
due to fewer stem cells with age and therefore less to replace damaged cells in muscles and bones

22
Q

what is meant by the term stem cell

A

a cell that is undifferentialised that can divide to produce more stem cells

23
Q

compare the contrast the results of mitosis and meiosis in the production of sperm cells and stem cells

A

similarity=both increase number of cells

differences=mitosis produces diploid cell and meiosis produces haploid cells

meioisis=genetically different cells produced-2 daughter cells
mitosis=genetically identical cells produced-4 daughter cells

24
Q

what is a sex linked disorder

A

a disorder caused by a faulty gene located on the x/y chromosome therefore the disorder is more likely to occur in one gender more than the other

25
Q

explain why the genotype of males cannot be calculated using the hardy weinberg equation

A

males only have one allele for this gene
males cannot be heterozygous
hardy weinburg equation assumes all individuals have two alleles for the same gene

26
Q

explain how a change in epigenetic changes causes a difference in characteristics

A

histone modification affects how a gene is activated and deactivated which affects enzyme production

27
Q

explain how epigenetic changes affect the activation of genes in daughter cells

A
28
Q

explain why a individual may have a greater adult height than their parents

A
29
Q

what is a polygenetic characteristic

A

multiple alleles at multiple loci

30
Q

what is the term that refers to the inheritance where a single characteristic is determined by more than one gene

A

polygenic

31
Q

which factor could affect the development of lupus

A

diet

32
Q

explain how a tissue differs in structure from a system

A

tissue contains one type of cell a system contains many different tissues

33
Q

describe how mesenchymal stem cells can give rise to different types of cell

A

different stimuli activate different genes

genes are transcribed

mRNA translated to produce proteins

proteins determine structure and function of cells

resulting in a different type of cell being produced

34
Q

explain how a mutation of a gene which causes a inhibition of a enzyme can increase the risk of the development of cancer

A
35
Q

what does hydrolic acid make a plant more observable

A

breaks down middle lamela so that light can pass through

36
Q

how does adding a stain make a plant cell more visible

A

stains makes structures visible this makes stages of mitosis visible

37
Q

explain how preventing shortening of spindle fibres affects mitosis

A

sister chromatids cannot be seperated

mitosis stops at metaphase so anaphase cannot occur

daughter cells produced have incorrect numbers of chromasome

Biology (12 decks)

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