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Psychology 101 & 102 > Module 2 (Chapter 2) > Flashcards

Module 2 (Chapter 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Research

A

A crictal tool to understand this complex world - Science is an approach to asking and answering questions

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2
Q

Intuition

A

Gut-instincts, relying on your emotions and instincts

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3
Q

Authority

A

accepting new ideas because an authority figure (parent;teacher…) said they are true

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4
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Finding that something has happened makes it inevitable but related past events can be explained in many creative and contradictory ways

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5
Q

Emiricism

A

Learning information through observation and expirence; limited to what we can observe and experience, and our senses can deceive us

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6
Q

Skepticism

A

to inquire and test any ideas (show your evidence)

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7
Q

Facts

A

obersevable realities

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8
Q

Opinions

A

personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be true

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9
Q

Scientific method

A

empirical method for acquiring knowledge, characterized the advances in science

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10
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

ideas are tested against the empirical world (general knowledge to logical conclusion) (living things need energy to live, ducks are living, ducks need energy to live)

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11
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

empirical observation that leads to new ideas - empirical observation to general knowledge (ducks have gone to my pond in the past, therefore this summer they will go to my pond.)

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12
Q

Theory

A

well-developed set of ideas, that proposes explanation for phenomena

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13
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction about how the world will behave if we are correct (if then statement)

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14
Q

Case Study

A

focus on one individual over time or a few characters that share a rare condition - no cause-effect - no generalization

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15
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing behaviour in it’s natural context - no cause-effect - no generalization - observer bias

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16
Q

Generalizability

A

A measure of how useful the results of a study are to the broader group of people or situations

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17
Q

Structured observation

A

people are observed while engaging in specific task

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18
Q

Observer bias

A

tendency to not observe what is there but what they expect or want to be

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19
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

measure of consistency used to evaluate the extent to which different judges agree on their assement desicions

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20
Q

Surveys

A

A way to collect information from a larger portion of people - a list of questions answered by participants

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21
Q

Archival Research

A

using past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships

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22
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Monitor how people change over time; data gathering repeatedly over time

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23
Q

Cross-sectional Research

A

moniter how people change over time - compares multiple segments of the population at the same time

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24
Q

Correlational Research

A

examines relationship between two variables

25
Q

Causation

A

one thing is the reason why something else happens

26
Q

Confounding Variable

A

two variables are intertwined in such a way that they can’t be differentiated

27
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

perceiving a relationship between variables when there isn’t one

28
Q

Correlational Coefficient

A

statistical measure of strength of linear relationship between relationship

29
Q

Experiemental hypothesis

A

predicts what changes will take place in the dependant variable when the independent variable is manipulated

30
Q

Experimental Group

A

the group that receives the variable/treatment being tested

31
Q

Control Group

A

Doesn’t receieve the variable/treatment being tested to add a comparative component

32
Q

Variables

A

any factor, trait or condition that can vary

33
Q

Operational Definition

A

defines a variable in terms of the specific procedure used to produce/measure it

34
Q

Experimental design

A

carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion; between groups data, and random assignment

35
Q

Single VS Double-blind

A

Single - the participants aren’t told of the treatment assignment
Double-Blind - the participants and researchers aren’t told of the treatment assignement

36
Q

Independant Variable

A

manipulated or controlled by the expirmenter; difference between experiment and control groups

37
Q

Dependant Variable

A

what the researcher measures to see how much independent variable effects it

38
Q

Population

A

set of individuals of interest in particular study

39
Q

Sample

A

set of individuals from population to represent it in particular study

40
Q

Random Sampling

A

Each sample has an equal probability of being chosen, but still random

41
Q

Random Assignment

A

Each individual has an equal opportunity to be either group

42
Q

Statistical Analysis

A

collecting and analysizing data to see patterns and trends, remove bias and inform decision making

43
Q

Peer-Review articles

A

evaluation of work by one or more peers

44
Q

Reliability

A

ability to consistently produce given results; any tools/instruments used in consistent way

45
Q

Validity

A

how accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure

46
Q

Research Ethic

A

guidelines for responsible conducted research

47
Q

Informed Consent

A

participant must have suffienct information and understanding of study before deciding to participate

48
Q

Deception

A

gives false information/intentionally misleads participants about key aspects of experiment - only if no other options.

49
Q

Explain how psychological scientific research addresses questions about behaviour and cognitive process

A

Identify question, gather information and form hypothesis, test, analyze, and build body of knowledge

50
Q

Describe the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning

A

Deductive is when you take general knowledge to logically come up with a specific conclusion - general knowledge - logical reasoning - specific conclusion
Inductive is when you take an empirical observation and find a new general idea - specific observation, pattern recognition, the general conclusion

51
Q

Describe the different research methods used by psychologist and their relative strengths and weaknesses

A

(Correlational Research) - no cause and effect,
-Survey
-Naturalistic Observation
-Case Studies
-Archival Research
-Longitudinal
-Cross-sectional
-Correlational

-Experiments

52
Q

Descibe differences between longitudinal and cross-sectional reseaches

A

Longitudinal - study one or few individuals with rare characteristic over long period of time
Cross-Sectional - Study’s different individuals across the population at the same-time

53
Q

Explain what a correlation coefficent tells us about the relationship between variables

A

This measures the strength of the relationship between variables - positive coefficient means that higher scores on one variable are associated with high scores on the other. Negative Coefficent means when one variable has higher score the other has a lower score
scatterplots show the correlation between two variables

54
Q

Describe difference between population and sample

A

The population is a large group of individuals that has characteristics a study is interested in
A sample is a smaller representative set of individuals from a population

55
Q

Explain random sampling and assignment of participants into experimental and control groups

A

Random sampling is where the population has a porportionaly equality of being chosen to participate and random assignment means the individuals have an equal chance of being put into the experiment or control group

56
Q

Identify independent and dependant variables
(ex. You are measuring how the amount of sunlight affects the growth of a type of plant)

A

The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated to affect the dependant variable. The dependant variable is the variable measured. (Ex. Independ = amount of sunlight; dependant = growth)

57
Q

Define Reliability and Validity

A

Reliability is the degree the consistency of a measurements results. Validity - the degree to which a test measures what it was designed to measure

58
Q

Summarize the process of informed consent and debreiving

A

Informed consent is when a participant is debreived about the what the study consists of, the risks, benefits and possible outcomes prior to consenting. Debreiving is when the researcher and participant have an interview about the study.

Psychology 101 & 102 (19 decks)

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