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Psychology 101 & 102 > Module 5 (chapter 12) > Flashcards

Module 5 (chapter 12) Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

Process of new experiences causing existing schemas to change or create new schemas

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2
Q

Adolescence

A

Period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

New experiences are incorporated into existing schemas

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4
Q

Attachment

A

A strong emotional bond between a child and their primary caregiver

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5
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

A parent that is warm but restrictive and seen as caring, and supportive, with clear enforced rules

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6
Q

Authoritarion Parenting

A

A parent that is hostile but restrictive and seen as cold, and unresponsive, with strict discipline

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7
Q

Indulgent Parenting

A

A parent that is warm and permissive and seen as warm, and caring but with no guidance or discipline

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8
Q

Neglectful Parenting

A

A parent that is cold, uncaring, unresponsive and no discipline

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9
Q

Anxious Avoidant

A

Child shows few signs of an attachment, rarely cries when the mother leaves; doesn’t seek attention when she returns

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10
Q

Anxious Resistant

A

Fearful even if the mother is present, demands attention, get distressed with mother leaves, not soothed when she returns

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11
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Child explores and reacts positively to strangers - distressed when the mother leaves - happy when the mother returns

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12
Q

Cognitive Empathy

A

how well an individual can perceive and understand the emotions of other

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13
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Stage in Paiget’s Stage Model - 7-12yr olds; can preform basic mental operations involving tangible objects but have problems with hypothetical problems/abstract thinking; they have also grasped the concept of reversibility, less concentration, and easily solve conservation problems; can order things serially; have mental representations for a series of actions

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14
Q

Conservation

A

Logical thinking ability; the principle that basic properties of objects like their volume or quantity stay the same if even the outward appearance changes (ex. knowing a drink doesn’t get larger just because you pour it into a skinner taller cup)

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15
Q

Continuous Development

A

development and changes in individuals occur gradual overtime; never stop

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16
Q

Critical Period

A

A stage of maturation where a certain development must happen or else it won’t be able to (imprinting with birds - within first few days of life)

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17
Q

Sensitive Period

A

A stage of maturation where a certain development is most easily formed (attachment with babies - within first few years)

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18
Q

Discontinous Development

A

Development changes can be put into clear stages and are not throughout whole life

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19
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

The child may seem disoriented/confused or display contradictory behaviours (want mother but strikes out when mother reaches for them)

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20
Q

Egocentrism

A

Difficulty to view the world from someone else’s point of view

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21
Q

Embryo

A

during 2nd-8th week of preganancy the cell mass is now called an embryo

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22
Q

Fine-Motor skills

A

Using the smaller muscles in your hand such as writing with a pen/pencil

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23
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Stage in Paiget’s Stage Model - 11-12yr olds (able to think logically with concrete and abstract ideas, can form and test hypothesized, have flexible thinking (creative)

24
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

ability to control the larger muscles in order to do things like walk, crawl…

25
Q

Nature

A

The biological aspects of development

26
Q

Object Permance

A

Ability to realize that an object still exists even if you cannot see it

27
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

one of the four parenting styles that combine to create parenting types - not strict - restrictive vs permissive

28
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Stage of Paiget’s stage model - 2-7yr olds; represent world symbolically through words and mental images but do not understand basic, mental operations or rules; rapid language development; display irreversibility in thinking

29
Q

Reversibility

A

The ability to reverse an action mentally

30
Q

Schema

A

Organized patterns of thoughts and actions - an internal framework

31
Q

Stage of Moral Reasoning

A

Lawrence Kohlberg’s with 3 main levels - Preconventional (anticipation fo punishment/reward) ; Conventional (conforming to societal expectations, laws and duties); Post Conventional (throughout, general moral principles - taking personal principles and the soceital expectations, laws, and duties into account)

32
Q

Temperament

A

biologically based style of behavioural and emotional reactions

33
Q

Physical, Cognitive, and psychosocial development - Define and show main differences

A

Physical Development = growth and changes in the body and brain, motor skills, senses, and health and wellness. Cognitive Development = Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Psychosocial Development = emotional, personality, and relationship developments

34
Q

Normative Approach to Development

A

Studying development using norms (average ages) when most children should reach a specific development

35
Q

The view that development is a gradaul process that builds upon previous skills is…

A

Continous Development

36
Q

Pyschologist that proposed moral development proceeds through a series of stages

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

37
Q

What is Psychosexual Development?

A

A theory by Sigmond Freud; pleasure-seeking urges that focus on erogenous zones throughout 5 stages

38
Q

Basic Trust VS Mistrust?

A

Within 1st year; depending on how much love and attention we receive we will either learn that we can trust others and ourselves or else mistrust others and ourselves

39
Q

According to Erickson, what is the psychosocial stage at age 3-5?

A

Initiative vs Guilt; depending on how the parents react to the child curiosity about the world, if they can explore and and have their questions answered they develop initiative or else they will experience guilt

40
Q

During the first two years, children become ready to exercise their individuality, it they are restricted or make harsh demands while toilet training the child develops… instead of….

A

Shame and doubt instead of autonomy

41
Q

Industry VS Inferiority?

A

from 6yr to puberty; develop a strive to achieve (industry) when they experience pride and encouragement in mastering tasks

42
Q

What stage in Erickson’s stage model happens during 12-20 year olds?

A

Identity or role confusion; depending on the adolescents ability to develop a sense of self

43
Q

What is Intimacy vs isolation

A

during 20-40 year olds; depends on ones ability to develop an intimate relationship

44
Q

What stage depends on finding meaning in one’s work

A

Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 year olds)

45
Q

Integrity vs Despair (65+)

A

Depends on one’s ability to find meaning in their life that they had led

46
Q

What cognitive development happens during the formal operation stage

A

one can think logically with concrete and abstract problems, and can not only form hypothesised but test them too; develop flexible or creative thinking

47
Q

What stage does object permanence happen?

A

During the Sensorimotor stage during which newborns to 2yr olds learn through sesnory experiments and physical interactions. They can solve some problems and they think, plan and understand simple concepts

48
Q

What stage comes before concrete operational?

A

Pre-operational stage - child uses symbolic words and mental images to represent world, don’t understand basic operations or rules yet, can understand simple concepts, show irreversible thinking, can only focus on one aspect display egocentrism

49
Q

What is the Concrete operational Stage?

A

From 7-12 child can preform basic mental operations that involve tangible objects/situations, start to have reversible thinking, but have problems with hypothetical problems/abstract thinking

50
Q

What is the Preconventional Stage?

A

Someone reasons their decisions based on the anticipation of punishment or reward (ex. You should not cheat on a test because you would be put in detention)

51
Q

Which Moral Stage for Kohlberds stage model represents: Rosa stands for her moral principles despite society disagreeing with her.

A

Post-Conventional - thought-out moral reasoning based on internalized moral principles; ie following one’s conscience

52
Q

Example of the Conventional moral reasoning stage

A

I shouldn’t drink and drive because my friends will think less of me; conforming to societal expectations, laws, and duties - want to gain approval

53
Q

The 3 Stages of Prenatal Development

A
  1. Germinal = the first 2 weeks where 1 sperm fertilizes an egg (zygote) followed by repeated cell division which equates to a mass of cells attached to the uterus
  2. Embryonte = during the 2nd - 8th week, the cell mass is now called an embryo; the development of 2 life supports happen, the placenta and umbilical cord; by week 8 specialized organs and systems form (heart beat and brain development)
  3. Fetal = 9th week until birth - embryo is now called a fetus; muscles and bodily system get stronger; at 24 weeks eyes open, at 28 weeks the age of viability is reached (can survive out of the womb if premature birth)
54
Q

What are Teragens?

A

Environment agents that contribute to abnormal developments; harmful chemicals can pass through the placenta (ex. Rubella can cause blindness, deafness, heart defects); some treatment drugs, STDS, Syphillis, drugs, alcohol, and caffeine can all affect infants

55
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A
  1. range of mild to severe deficits from mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy
  2. cluster of severe development abnormalities
56
Q

Nature VS Nurture

A

Biological influences interact; biology sets the limits for environmental influences, but environmental influences can be powerful

57
Q

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

A

Secure

Psychology 101 & 102 (19 decks)

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