Quiz 5

Question 1

The stage in which children represent the world symbolically through words and mental images, but do not yet understand basic mental operations or rules is called the ______.

Answer 1

Pre-operational Stage

Question 2

The fact that a baby will suck on a finger that is placed in her mouth best illustrates which of the following?
-Operant conditioning
-A reflex
-Classical conditioning
-Modelling

Answer 2

Reflex (Innate Reflex)

Question 3

Even though most adolescents get along relatively well with their parents, some parents and teenagers do appear to struggle with their relationships. Teens who report more conflict with parents are often more likely to have problems with school misconduct and antisocial behaviour. However, when interpreting this result, it is very important to remember that the ______.
-methods utilized in this research are very susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects
-researchers in these studies have not been kept blind to the participants’ condition, which limits the validity of the research
-research conducted so far has focused exclusively on adolescents in the United States so we don’t yet know if similar patterns exist in other cultures
-correlation does not equal causation and it is difficult to tell what factor is causal in this relationship

Answer 3

correlation does not equal causation and it is difficult to tell what factor is causal in this relationship

Question 4

Harry Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys indicated that they appeared to develop more of an emotional bond with a “surrogate mother” who _________, a finding that has strong implications regarding the nature of ____________.
-provided food; separation anxiety
-provided food; attachment
-was made of soft terry cloth; attachment
-was made of soft terry cloth; conservation

Answer 4

was made of soft terry cloth; attachment

Question 5

Both of these parenting styles are similar in that they involve exercising control over children, but the latter style does so with a high degree of warmth. They are _______________ and ________________________ parenting styles.
-authoritarian; authoritative
-authoritarian; indulgent
-authoritative; neglectful
-neglectful; authoritative

Answer 5

Authoritarian; Authoritative

Question 6

A biologically based predisposition to react to the environment in specific behavioural and emotional ways is the way the text defines _________________.

Answer 6

Temperament

Question 7

At birth, the newborn’s brain is far from mature and has reached only about 25 percent of its eventual adult weight. By six months of age, however, the brain reaches __________ of its adult weight.
-100 percent
-20 percent
-80 percent
-50 percent

Answer 7

50%

Question 8

Children in day care are at a higher risk for an insecure attachment to their parents when the following negative factors combined: _______________
-overcrowding in childcare; low education level of teachers; low education level of parents
-lack of materials in childcare; bilingual home; overindulgent parents
-poor quality childcare; impoverished home life; child spent eight to ten hours per week in childcare
-poor quality childcare; child spent many hours in childcare; unresponsive parents at home

Answer 8

Poor quality childcare; child spent many hours in childcare; unresponsive parents at home

Question 9

Children are able to easily solve the conservation problems that confused them earlier in life during the _______________ stage of cognitive development.

Answer 9

concrete operational

Question 10

Harry Harlow presented infant monkeys with two “surrogate mothers.” One was a bare wire cylinder with a feeding bottle, and the other was a wire cylinder covered with soft terry cloth that had no feeding bottle. In his experiments ______.
-infant monkeys became attached to the terry cloth mother
-infant monkeys became attached to the bare wire mother
-infant monkeys did not become attached to either mother and showed strong symptoms of anxiety
-some monkeys became attached to the bare wire mother, whereas others became attached to the terry cloth mother

Answer 10

infant monkeys became attached to the terry cloth mother

Question 11

Billy and Tilly’s parents are demanding, but caring. These children have good communication with their parents. Billy and Tilly’s parents are ____ parents.

Answer 11

Authoritative

Question 12

While Piaget only investigated children’s independent exploration of the physical world, Vygotsky investigated how ______.
-sociocultural factors interact with the brain’s biological maturation
-the brain’s maturity is influenced by teratogens
-social development relates to cognitive stages
-the brain matures

Answer 12

sociocultural factors interact with the brain’s biological maturation

Question 13

A teenager who says to themselves that nobody else could possibly comprehend the struggles and difficulties they have been through is best demonstrating the concept of ____________.
the imaginary audience
gender identity
egocentrism
the personal fable

Answer 13

The Personal Fable

Question 14

Kohlberg called the type of moral reasoning based on conformity to social expectations, laws, and duties, _________ moral reasoning.
-postconventional
-subconventional
-conventional
-preconventional

Answer 14

Conventional

Question 15

The adaptive significance of ______________ may be that it prevents infants from straying too far from their caregivers when they start to crawl and eventually walk.
-object permanence
-egocentrism
-separation anxiety
-contact comfort

Answer 15

separation anxiety

Question 16

The genetically programmed biological process that governs human growth is called ______.

Answer 16

Maturation

Question 17

Kohlberg called the type of moral reasoning that is based on well thought out, general moral principles _________ moral reasoning.
-postconventional
-conventional
-preconventional
-subconventional

Answer 17

Post-conventional

Question 18

Research by Robert Fantz (1961) found that infants preferred ______.
-looking at complex patterns more than simple patterns
-the feel of softness rather than coarse materials
-smelling their mother’s nursing pad more than pads from strangers
-hearing their mother’s voice over the voice of a stranger

Answer 18

Looking at complex patterns more than simple patterns

Question 19

All of the following are valid limitations or criticisms of Kübler-Ross’s stages of coping with impending death, EXCEPT, some people may ______.
-change their behaviour because of prior awareness of the stages
-look forward to death
-not experience all the stages
-move back and forth between stages

Answer 19

change their behaviour because of prior awareness of the stages

Question 20

One likely reason that the Czechoslovakian twins may have recovered better from their isolation than Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, is because ______.
-they were exposed to a more intellectually stimulating environment than Victor was
-significant advances had been made in the study of child development when the twins were found
-the twins were born with a socially adaptive temperament
-their isolation ended earlier in their lives, when their brains had greater plasticity

Answer 20

Their isolation ended earlier in their lives, when their brains had greater plasticity

Question 21

When parents interact with their one- to eight-year-old children at science exhibits, they are much more likely to explain the details of how the exhibits work to their sons rather than their daughters even though their sons do not show any more interest in the exhibits than their daughters. This type of parental behaviour demonstrates

Answer 21

Sex-typing

Question 22

The parenting style that most likely produces the most negative developmental outcomes such as insecurely attached children with low achievement motivation, disturbed peer relationships, and the tendency to be impulsive and aggressive is called ______.

Answer 22

Neglectful

Question 23

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, the order of the four crises that occur in infancy and childhood are ______.
-autonomy versus initiative, basic trust versus mistrust, initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority
-basic trust versus mistrust, industry versus inferiority, initiative versus guilt, and autonomy versus shame and doubt
-initiative versus guilt, autonomy versus shame and doubt, basic trust versus mistrust, and industry versus inferiority
-basic trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority

Answer 23

basic-trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt. initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority

Question 24

An age range during which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally or along a certain path is a ____________ period.

Answer 24

critical

Question 25

A young child who is showing a great deal of interest in and curiosity about the world would most likely be said to be in Erik Erikson’s _____________ stage.
-initiative versus guilt
-industry versus inferiority
-autonomy versus shame and doubt
-basic trust versus basic mistrust

Answer 25

initative versus guilt

Question 26

An infant who interprets the world primarily through the physical interactions with objects is most likely in Jean Piaget’s ____________ stage.

Answer 26

sensorimotor

Question 27

The strong emotional bond that develops between human children and their primary caregivers is called __________. Its creation appears to be governed by a ___________ period, because it is most easily established during the first one to two years of a child’s life.

Answer 27

Attachment; sensitive

Question 28

In the study by Arnett (2001), when asked which characteristics” must be achieved before a person can be considered an adult,” ______.
-90% of participants endorsed the importance of accepting responsibility for one’s actions
-90% of participants endorsed the importance of reaching age 18
-90% of participants endorsed the importance of getting married and having children
-90% of participants endorsed the importance of being employed full time

Answer 28

90% of participants endorsed the importance of accepting responsibility for one’s actions

Question 29

The primary difference between Lawrence Kohlberg’s stage 3 and stage 4 moral reasoning is that in stage 3, children base their decisions on ___________, whereas in stage 4 they base them on ____________.
-punishments; rewards
-gaining approval; rules that must be obeyed
-rewards; both societal laws and personal rights
-rewards; social expectations

Answer 29

gaining approval; rules that must be obeyed

Question 30

Barbara Tizard and Jill Hodges studied children who were adopted between the ages of two and eight from high-quality orphanages. They observed that these children usually develop normal attachments with their caregivers but many had difficulty forming peer relationships in adolescence because they were perceived as being too __________.
-indifferent
-socially inept
-aggressive
-needy

Answer 30

Needy