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GERR > Physiology - Tubular function > Flashcards

Physiology - Tubular function Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the nephron contributes the most to to reabsorption?

a.PCT
b.renal corpuscle
c.DCT
d.loop of Henle

A

a.PCT

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2
Q

movement of substances in the spaces between cells down a concentration gradient is known as

a.paracellular
b.transcellular
c.paracrine
d.autocrine

A

a.paracellular

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3
Q

movement of substances through a cell eg passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport is known as
a.paracellular
b.transcellular
c.paracrine
d.autocrine

A

b.transcellular

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4
Q

one substances [] gradient being used to move another substance is an example of what type of transport

a.passive diffusion
b.facilitated diffusion
c. 1 active transport
b.2 active transport

A

b.2 active transport

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5
Q

substance moving from the blood to the filtrate is known as

a.reabsorption
b.secretion
c.excretion

A

b.secretion

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6
Q

substance moving from the filtrate to the blood is known as

a.reabsorption
b.secretion
c.excretion

A

a.reabsorption

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7
Q

what transporter moves glucose from the filtrate to the PCT?

a.SGLT2
b.GLUT 2
c.GLUT 4

A

a.SGLT2

sodium glucose co transporter

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8
Q

what transporter moves glucose from the PCT to the blood?

a.SGLT2
b.GLUT 2
c.GLUT 4

A

b.GLUT 2

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9
Q

what limits the rate of tubular reabsorption of glucose

a.glucose conc
b. sodoium conc
c.rate at which transporters work
d.number of transporters

A

c.rate at which transporters work

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10
Q

when the maximum rate of glucose resorption is exceeded what happens

a.polydypsia
b.polyuria
c.glucosuria

A

c.glucosuria

glucose in urine
cannot be reabsorbed

eg reabsorption dysfunction - fanconi syndrome
induced by drugs such as SGLT2 inhibitors

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11
Q

what is amino acid transport limited by

a.speed of pump
b. number of pumps
c.conc of amino acids

A

a.speed of pump

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12
Q

where is glucose rabsorbed

a.PCT
b.renal corpuscle
c.DCT
d.collecting ducts
e.loop of henle

A

a.PCT

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13
Q

where are amino acids reabsorbed

a.PCT
b.renal corpuscle
c.DCT
d.collecting ducts
e.loop of henle

A

a.PCT

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14
Q

how does sodium move from the tubes throughout the nephron to the blood

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e.sodium potassium pump

A

e.sodium potassium pump

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15
Q

how does sodium move from the filtrate to the PCT

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e.sodium potassium pump

A

d.sodium glucose co transporter
c.Na/AA cotransporter

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16
Q

how does sodium move from the filtrate to the ascending loop of henle

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e.sodium potassium pump

A

b. Na/K+/Cl- pump

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17
Q

how does sodium move from the filtrate to the distal convuluted tubule

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e.sodium potassium pump

A

a. Na/Cl cotransporter

18
Q

how does sodium move from the filtrate to the collecting ducts

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e. facilitated diffusion

A

e. facilitated diffusion

19
Q

aldosterone increases expression of which pump in the DCT and collecting ducts

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e. sodium pottasium

A

e. sodium pottasium

only in DCT and CD as absorption here is expression limited whereas it is gradient limited in the PCT/Ascending loop

20
Q

wheredo SGLT2 inhibitors work in hypertension to reduce sodium resorption and therefore blood volume

a.PCT
b.Ascending loop
c.DCT
d.collecting ducts

A

a.PCT

21
Q

wheredo loop diuretics work in hypertension to reduce sodium resorption and therefore blood volume

a.PCT
b.Ascending loop
c.DCT
d.collecting ducts

A

b.Ascending loop

inhibit na/cl/k pump

22
Q

which transport protein found in the ascending loop is inhibited by loop diuretics

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e. sodium pottasium

A

b. Na/K+/Cl- pump

23
Q

which transport protein found in the PCT is inhibited by SGLT2 inhibitors

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e. sodium pottasium

A

d.sodium glucose co transporter

24
Q

which transport protein found in the DCT is inhibited by thiazides

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e. sodium pottasium

A

a. Na/Cl cotransporter

25
Q

which protein found in the DCT and collecting ducts inhibits the action of aldosterone which usually increases k+ excretion /Na+ reabsorption

a. Na/Cl cotransporter
b. Na/K+/Cl- pump
c.Na/AA cotransporter
d.sodium glucose co transporter
e. sodium pottasium

A

e. sodium pottasium

26
Q

which route is water reabsorbed by in the PCT and descending loop?

a.transcellular
b.paracellular

A

b.paracellular

between cells down conc gradient following sodium

27
Q

which route is water reabsorbed by in the DCT and collecting ducts ?

a.transcellular
b.paracellular

A

a.transcellular

through cells via aquaporins
ADH increases number of aquaporins INSERTING into membrane of tubule cells and so increases water absorption

28
Q

ADH increases the insertion of aquaporin channels into which parts of the nephron

a.PCT and descending loop
b.DCT and ascending loop
c.DCT and collecting ducts
d.PCT and collecting ducts

A

c.DCT and collecting ducts

29
Q

limbs of the loop of henle are arranged with flow in the ………… direction to that of the vasa recta

a.same
b.opposite

A

b.opposite

counter current mechanism

30
Q

6 stages that make up the counter current mechanism

A

sodium pumped out of ascending limb of LOH into interstitium , this sodium then diffuses into the descending vasa recta

this high sodium conc. blood moves along vasa recta to ascending vasa recta

this draws water out from the descending limb of the loop of henle and into the ascending vasa rectae (water follows sodium)

as filtrate moves from the descending loop of henle to the ascending LOH it has lost water and is v concnetrated with sodium

At ascending LOH sodium is moved out of the lumen and into the vasa recta to repeat the cycle

31
Q

what is the net effect of the counter current mechanism between the loop of henle and the vasa recta

a.sodium reabsorbed, water excreted
b.sodium and water reabsorbed
c.sodium and water excreted

A

b.sodium and water reabsorbed

32
Q

what is polyuria

a.increased frequency of urination
b.increased volume of urine
c.increased concentration of urine
d.increased thirst

A

b.increased volume of urine

33
Q

what is polydipsia

a.increased frequency of urination
b.increased volume of urine
c.increased concentration of urine
d.increased thirst

A

d.increased thirst

34
Q

what happens to blood osmolarity in diabetes

a.increase
b.decrease
c.no change

A

a.increase

35
Q

the max production rate for which hormone is exceeded in diabetes mellitus

a.insulin
b.glucagon
c.ADH
d.CRH

A

c.ADH

max aquaporin insertion but still water remains in tubules as glucose remains in tubules keeping it in (osmosis)

36
Q

where is urea filtrered

a.pct
b.dct
c.renal corpuscle
d.bowmans capsule

A

d.bowmans capsule

37
Q

what happens to urea at the proximal convuluted tubule

a.reabsorbed via passive diffusion
b.secreted
c.reabsorbed

A

a.reabsorbed via passive diffusion

38
Q

what happens to urea at the loop of henle

a.reabsorbed via passive diffusion
b.secreted
c.reabsorbed

A

b.secreted

39
Q

what happens to urea at the collecting ducts

a.reabsorbed via passive diffusion
b.secreted
c.reabsorbed

A

c.reabsorbed

contributes to hyperosmolarity in medullary interstitium
ability to eliminate all urea is sacrificed in order to prioritise water reabsorption

40
Q

when substances are removed from the interstium or blood regardless of whether it is filtered at the glomerulus

a.reabsorption
b.secretion
c.excretion

A

b.secretion

eg elimination of metabolites /toxins/drug clearance

41
Q

what is tubular secretion measured with clearance of which substance

a.creatinine
b.PAH

A

b.PAH

GERR (53 decks)

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