Chapter 6 Flashcards
PERCEPTION
a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
an attempt to determine whether an individual’s behavior is internally or externally caused.
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
SELF-SERVING BIAS
the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors.
SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
the tendency to selectively interpret what one sees. On the basis of one’s interests, background, experience and attitude.
HALO EFFECT
the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
CONTRAST EFFECT
evaluation of a person’s characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
STEREOTYPING
judging someone on the basis on one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.
RATIONAL DECISION- MAKING MODEL
a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcomes.
BOUNDED RATIONALITY
a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
INTUITION DECISION-MAKING
an unconscious process distilled out of distilled experience.
ANCHORING BIAS
a tendency to fixate on initial information from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
CONFIRMATION BIAS
the tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments.
RISK AVERSION
the tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome even if the riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff.
