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425 - sys path > GI - Stomach pt 1 > Flashcards

GI - Stomach pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 parts of the ruminant forestomach in order of food transit.

A
  1. reticulum
  2. rumen
  3. omasum
  4. abomasum
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2
Q

Match the letters with the correct compartment of the ruminant fore stomach.

A

A: reticulum
B: Rumen
C: Abomasum
D: Omasum

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3
Q

Like birds, camelids have ______ in their fore stomachs. However, unlike birds, they don’t serve a specific function; rather, they are incidental.

A

Gastroliths

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4
Q

What type of epithelium lines the rumen?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What are trichobezoars?
Where are they found? Why?
What do they mean when found in necropsy?

A

spherical masses of hair or wool
found in the rumens of younger animals from excessive grooming.
Incidental finding

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6
Q

What are phytobezoards?
What do they mean when found in necropsy?

A

Spherical masses of plant fibres
Incidental finding

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7
Q

What are the gross lesions of ruminal hyperkeratosis?

A

club shaped, clumped papillae that may be dark

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8
Q

what leads to ruminal hyperkeratosis?

A

diets high in concentrates
Vitamin A deficiency
high barley diets

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9
Q

You are doing a necropsy of a cow and look at its rumen. What is your diagnosis? What do you think caused it?

A

Ruminal hyperkeratosis
diet high in concentrates, vitamin A deficiency, or a high barley diet

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10
Q

What causes ruminal tympany? What’s the other name for this pathology?

A

inability to eructate gas from rumen
Bloat

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11
Q

Ruminal tympany can lead to death through metabolic and physical effects. Name 2 of these effects.

A

Decreased venous return
Thoracic compression

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12
Q

What are the gross lesions of ruminal tympany?

A
  • marked abdominal distention with “sawhorse” posture
  • blood is dark and clots poorly (indicates death from anoxia)
  • subq hemorrhage/edema cranially, non-hemorrhagic edema caudally (inguinal is common) [cranial lymph nodes also affected]
  • bloat line within esophagus [cranial congestion, becomes pale near thoracic inlet]
  • lung compression/atelectasis
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13
Q

A cow comes in with this posture. What is your primary differential based on this?

A

Ruminal tympany (bloat)
don’t know which type because we haven’t seen the rumen contents yet

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14
Q

This is the esophagus of a cow. Based on the lesion seen in this photo, what is your diagnosis?

A

Ruminal tympany (bloat)
we don’t know the type because we haven’t looked at the rumen contents yet.

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15
Q

What are the two main types of ruminal tympany? Label them as acute or chronic

A

Primary tympany = frothy bloat –> acute + severe
Secondary tympany = gas bloat –> chronic

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16
Q

What causes primary ruminal tympany?

A

diet high in legumes (alfalfa, clover) or concentrates

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17
Q

How can you tell that it’s primary ruminal tympany?

A

contents are frothy; gas trapped, not eructed
[froth will disappear with prolonged postmortem interval]

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18
Q

What causes secondary ruminal tympany?

A

vagal indigestion syndromes
Ruminal drinkers

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19
Q

how can you tell it’s secondary ruminal tympany?

A

gas is free but retained due to physical or functional defect
ruminal contents may look normal

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20
Q

What are vagal indigestion syndromes?

A

clinical syndrome, gradual development of abdominal distention due to ruminoreticular distension

classically associated with damage to the vagus nerve; however, absence of vagal damage in the maj. of cases

most common cause is traumatic reticuloperitonitis

other causes include anything resulting in a mass effect near junctions b/t compartments (HANG acronym)

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21
Q

What are ruminal drinkers?

A

milk escapes the ruminoreticular groove and ends up fermenting in the rumen

also have rumenitis histologically

22
Q

You receive a cow for necropsy that was in a “sawhorse” stance, and you find a bloat line in the esophagus. You look in the rumen and these are the contents. What is your diagnosis?

A

Primary ruminal tympany

23
Q

What is the other name for traumatic reticuloperitonitis? What location is most common for penetration?

A

hardware disease
cranioventral penetration

24
Q

What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

A

perforation of the fore stomach (classically the reticulum) due to a sharp foreign body (classically metallic)

25
Q

How do you prevent traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

A

Magnets!

26
Q

what are the possible outcomes for traumatic reticuloperitonitis? the first two you should defs know for exam

A
  • Chronic local peritonitis +/- focal adhesions
  • traumatic pericarditis (requires diaphragmatic penetration)
  • subperitoneal or subq abscess near xyphoid
  • sudden death from hemorrhage (rare)
  • septicemia (rare)
  • pleuritis/pneumonia
27
Q

Which bacteria are commonly associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

A

Trueperella pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum

28
Q

You find this item in this organ of a cow. What is your diagnosis? Name one bacterium you might find in this cow.

Say this item travelled cranially and penetrated the diaphragm. What other lesion could you find?

A

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Trueperella pyogenes or Fusobacterium necrophorum

you could find traumatic pericarditis

29
Q

what causes ruminal acidosis?

A

ingestion of excessive carbohydrates
more common in intense production systems
more likely with sudden increase vs gradual

30
Q

How does the rumen pH change with ruminal acidosis? Give me normal values and changed values

A

normal rumen pH = 5.5 - 7.5
ruminal acidosis pH = ≤ 5

30
Q

Rumen pH generally _____ with postmortem interval.

A

increases

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis?

A

decreasing pH leads to death of normal gram (-) bacteria –> proliferation of Streptococcus bovis –> increased lactic acid production –> decreased pH –> Lactobacillus predominates

32
Q

What are the gross lesions found with ruminal acidosis? (hint: they are pretty general)

A

sunken eyes, thick dark blood
variable appearance to the ruminal contents, intestinal contents often watery
mucosa may be difficult to peal
may have a distinct odour
tips of the ruminal papillae may appear white

33
Q

What are the specific outcomes of ruminal acidosis?

A

Scarring
Necrobacillary rumenitis (AKA necrobacillosis)
Mycotic rumenitis

34
Q

What is the etiology of necrobacillary rumenitis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

35
Q

What are the gross lesions of necrobacillary rumenitis?

A

well-demarcated, plaque-like areas of necrosis
bacterial embolization to the liver is common resulting in liver abscesses

36
Q

What is the etiology of mycotic rumenitis?

A

Zygomycete funguses (Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia)
Aspergillus also possible, but more common in abomasum

37
Q

What are the gross lesions of mycotic rumenitis?

A

more hemorrhagic, severe, and extensive than necrobacillary rumenitis
often visible from the serosal surface
vasculocentric –> causes infarcts (well demarcated areas of discolouration surrounded by a red rim)

38
Q

On the L is a rumen and on the R is a liver. What is your primary differential for the cause of these lesions? What is the etiology?

A

Necrobacillary rumenitis
caused by fusobacterium necrophorum

39
Q

These are both examples of lesions associated with ______.

A

Mycotic rumenitis

40
Q

What is the scientific name of rumen flukes? What are the gross lesions? Pathogenic/non-pathogenic?

A

Paramphistomatidae sp.
red to pink, similar in size to surrounding rumen papillae
may be associated with some inflammation
non-pathogenic

41
Q

These things are mixed in with rumen papillae. What is your primary differential?

A

Rumen flukes, Paramphistomatidae

42
Q

What is the name of the line formed by the division of the glandular and non-glandular portions of the equine stomach?

A

Margo plicatus

43
Q

What is the arrow pointing to? (pig stomach)

A

Pars esophagea

44
Q

What is the difference b/t a papilloma and a fibropapilloma?

A

papilloma is only epithelium proliferating, fibropapilloma is epithelium and underlying dermal mesenchyme

45
Q

Are fore stomach neoplasm common or rare?

A

rare

46
Q

What are the 3 fore stomach neoplasms that we need to know?

A

Fibropapilloma
Papillomas
Squamous cell carcinoma

47
Q

What is the etiology of fibropapillomas in the fore stomach? Where are you more likely to find them (specific)?

A

bovine papillomavirus 2 (BPV-2)
esophagus and esophageal groove of the rumen

48
Q

What causes papillomas in the fore stomach? Where does it target?

A

bovine papillomavirus 4
only targets squamous mucosa

49
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma in the bovine fore stomach is associated with _____

A

BPV-4

50
Q

Label the green boxes in this bird stomach

A

L-most box: proventriculus
R-most box: gizzard

425 - sys path (38 decks)

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