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425 - sys path > Repro pt 2 > Flashcards

Repro pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

in female DSD, there is ____ chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex (X_ SRY- ovarian DSD)

A

normal
X

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of female DSD in broad terms?

A

parts of the female repro tract (paramesonephric origin):
1. fail to form (aplasia)
2. fail to fuse together
3. fail to fuse to the urogenital sinus

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3
Q

Persistent hymen:
1. what is it?
2. importance?
3. what does it do in the female repro tract?

A
  1. paramesonephric duct has failed to make a proper connection to the urogenital sinus
  2. little importance
  3. partially separates the vestibule from the vagina just cranial to the urethral opening
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4
Q

This is a bitch repro tract. What is the lesion? (arrow is pointing to it)

A

persistent hymen

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5
Q

Segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct:
1. affects what part of the duct?
2. result?

A
  1. any part
  2. aplasia of a part of the internal tubular female repro tract
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6
Q

This is the uterus of a pig. You did not do anything to the organ. What is the lesion and what is your diagnosis?

A

the right uterine horn is completely missing

segmental aplasia of the paramesonephric duct – the right uterine horn never formed

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7
Q

Uterus didelphys: what is it?

A

failure of the paramesonephric ducts to fuse, resulting in duplication of the cervix and uterine body

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8
Q

What is this lesion?

A

Uterus didelphys

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9
Q

Ovarian diseases impact ____ and alter ____ production, leading to changes in the estrus cycle or abnormal behaviour.

A

fertility
hormone

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10
Q

The structural arrangement of the ovary is similar in all species EXCEPT for in 2 ways. What are they?

A
  1. dogs have subsurface epithelial structures (SES)
  2. mares have a completely different looking ovary (kidney shaped, ovulation fossa, very large follicles)
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11
Q

Periovarian/Paraovarian cysts:
1. where are they?
2. common signalment?
3. what are they?

A
  1. external to the ovary
  2. mares (but can happen in any species)
  3. cystic remnants of the paramesonephric or mesonephric ducts
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12
Q

This is the ovary of a mare. What is the lesion?

A

Periovarian cyst/paraovarian cyst

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13
Q

Intraovarian cysts: name the 3 types we have to know and which species they occur in.

A
  1. Epithelial inclusion cysts (mares)
  2. cystic rete ovarii (dogs, cats, guinea pigs)
  3. cystic ovarian follicles or ovarian cysts (dairy cows and sows)
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14
Q

Epithelial inclusion cysts:
1. where location?
2. pathogenesis of how they impact fertility?

A
  1. located around ovulation fossa and can look like large follicles (but don’t appear/disappear)
  2. surface epithelium pinched off during ovulation and embedded in stroma –> accumulate fluid and cyst enlargement –> interfere with ovulation –> internality
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15
Q

This is a mare ovary. What part of the ovary is the WHITE arrow pointing to? What is the lesion?

A

ovulation fossa
epithelial inclusion cysts

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16
Q

Cystic rete ovarii:
1. what is the rete ovarii?
2. important?

A
  1. ovarian remnant of the regressed mesonephric tubules
  2. no, usually incidental, but the major ddx is cystic ovarian neoplasm
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17
Q

This is the ovary of a bitch. What is the lesion?

A

cystic rete ovarii

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18
Q

Cystic ovarian follicles/ovarian cysts:
1. how to differentiate form normal tertiary follicles?
2. in cows, having these is known as what?

A
  1. ovarian cysts are bigger, persist longer, and result in changes in the estrus cycle
  2. cystic ovarian disease (COD)
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19
Q

Cystic ovarian disease (COD) in cows:
1. what do you have to have to make a diagnosis?
2. clinical signs?
3. cause?

A
  1. > 2.5 cm and persist for > 10 days
  2. nymphomania, anestrus
  3. failure of the preovulatory LH surge
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20
Q

This is the ovary of a cow. What is the lesion?

A

Cystic ovarian follicles/ovarian cysts

cystic ovarian disesse (COD)

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21
Q

What is oophoritis? rare or common?

A

inflammation of the ovary

rare in dom. animals

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22
Q

Ovarian neoplasia:
1. primary or secondary usually?
2. what are the 3 main groups?

A
  1. primary
  2. germ cell neoplasms, sex cord stroma neoplasms, epithelial neoplasms
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23
Q

Teratoma:
1. what is this?
2. common vs rare, benign vs malignant
3. gross appearance?

A
  1. ovarian neoplasia: germ cell neoplasm
  2. rare, benign
  3. differentiation to at least 2 of 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) – contain hair, bone, cartilage, teeth, nervous tissue, fat, resp epithelium, etc
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24
Q

What the heck is this thing?!

A

Teratoma

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25
Q

Granulosa cell tumor:
1. what is it?
2. most common ovarian tumor of what species?
3. unilateral vs bilateral, malignant vs benign
4. is it hormonally active?
5. results in what 3 behaviour patterns in mares? what causes each behaviour?

A
  1. sex cord stromal neoplasm, ovarian tumor
  2. large animals (mares/cows)
  3. unilateral, benign
  4. yes
  5. nymphomania (estrogen-producing), stallion-like behaviour (testosterone-producing), anestrus (inhibin-producing)
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26
Q

what is the gross appearance of a granulosa cell tumor in a mare?

A

unilateral, large, smooth round mass. On section, solid and cystic areas with cysts containing red-brown flui d

looks like Swiss cheese (with the holes)

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27
Q

This is the ovary of a mare. What is the lesion?

A

granulosa cell tumor

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28
Q

Ovarian carcinomas:
1. common in what species?
2. where do they come from?
3. cause?
4. multifocal or one spot? unilateral or bilateral?

A
  1. dog
  2. subsurface epithelial structures
  3. unknown
  4. multifocal and bilateral
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29
Q

What is the gross appearance of ovarian carcinomas in dogs?

A

enlarged ovary with papillary projections producing a shaggy appearance (shag rug)

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30
Q

what is the behaviour of ovarian carcinomas?

A

seed the abdomen (transcoelomic spread, carcinomatosis)

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31
Q

Ovaries of a bitch. Lesion?

A

Ovarian carcinoma

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32
Q

Define these terms:
1. Salpingitis
2. Pyosalphinx
3. Hydrosalphinx

A
  1. inflammation of the uterine tube
  2. pus-filled uterine tube
  3. distension of the uterine tube with clear, watery fluid
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33
Q

What species is cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) common in ?

A

bitch, queen, ewe

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34
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is caused by what in the ewe?

A

ingestion of estrogenic clover

35
Q

describe the pathogenesis of cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the bitch and queen

A
  1. common response of uterus in diestrus
  2. influence of progesterone primes endometrium so that inflammation/irritation stimulates hyperplasia
  3. endometrial glands become cystic and distended
36
Q

cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) has a strong associated with what? what is the name of it? How are they related?

A

uterine infection
cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra syndrome

CEH provides a suitable environment for bacteria to grow OR uterine infection causes CEH and pyometra

37
Q

This is a part of a bitch uterus. What is the diagnosis?

A

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

38
Q

what does cystic endometrial hyperplasia look like sort of?

A

bubble wrap

39
Q

Hydrometra/mucometra:
1. what are they?
2. often confused with, and is definitely not, what?
3. consequence of what?

A
  1. accumulation of thin, watery (hydro) or mucoid (much) fluid in the uterus
  2. pyometra
  3. endometrial hyperplasia or obstruction of the uterus, cervix, vagina
40
Q

These are the uterine horns of a cat. Inside is thin, watery fluid. What is the lesion?

A

Hydrometra

41
Q

Uterine prolapse:
1. common in what species?
2. what causes this?
3. what is the pathogenesis?

A
  1. ruminants and sows
  2. excessive straining and uterine inertia (dystocia, retained placenta, post parturient hypocalcemia)
  3. reduced venous outflow –> edema and congestion –> trauma, infection, drying –> tissue necrosis –> shock and death
42
Q

This is ox cow that was known to suffer from dystocia. What is the lesion?

A

Uterine prolapse

43
Q

Subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)
1. species?
2. what is it?
3. clinical signs?
4. sequelae?

A
  1. unique to dog
  2. placental sites do not regret after puppies are born (normally, sites should involute by 12-15 wks, in SIPS, the trophoblasts don’t regress = sub involute)
  3. excessive bloody vaginal discharge persists for months (normal is 1-6 wks)
  4. anemia, ascending infection, exsanguination if coagulation presents
44
Q

this is a bitch uterus 6 months post whelping. What is the lesion?

A

sub involution of placental sites (SIPS)

45
Q

Name the 4 routes of infection into the uterus. Which 2 are most common?

A
  1. ascending infection through cervix (most common)
  2. hematogenous (esp during pregnancy) (most common)
  3. descending infection along uterine tube
  4. direct penetration of a foreign body
46
Q

What are the times when the uterus is vulnerable to infection?

A
  1. when under progesterone influence (pregnancy and diestrus)
  2. when the cervix is open (estrus, parturition, post partum)
47
Q

tell me the 3 types of uterus inflammation from most severe to least severe.

A
  1. pyometra = accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen
  2. metritis = inflammation of all layers of the uterine wall
  3. endometritis = inflammation of the endometrium
48
Q

Post-mating endometritis in mares:
1. what is it?
2. gross lesions?
3. clinical signs ?
4. what test can you do to see if mare has this?

A
  1. failure to clear seminal fluid and resolve normal inflammation that happens following insemination
  2. usually none
  3. chronic inflammation, edema, endometrial fibrosis = infertility
  4. endometrial biopsy
49
Q

Postpartum endometritis/metritis in cows: what is it?

A

postpartum bacterial contamination is normal, but in healthy animals is cleared up.

infection follows abnormal parturition or failure of the uterus to involute (lochia is an excellent medium for bacteria to grow)

50
Q

What is the most important uterine lesion?

A

postpartum endometritis/metritis in cows

51
Q

what is lochia?

A

fluid present after birth

52
Q

This is the uterus of a cow that just gave birth. What is the lesion?

A

endometritis
also could say metritis

53
Q

Gross lesions of postpartum endometritis or metritis in cows?

A

endometrium/uterus is swollen, red to brown, dull with cloudy, chocolate coloured, foul smelling fluid

54
Q

Postpartum endometritis/metritis in cows can result in what?

A

pyometra

55
Q

CEH-pyometra in dogs:
1. signalment?
2. disease of ____ when a CL is present and ____ is high
3. important?
4. clinical signs and extra genital lesions?
5. How can you diagnose this?

A
  1. older, intact females (>5 yrs), and 4-6 wks after estrus
  2. diestrus, progesterone
  3. yes! severe, life-threatening infection
  4. common due to endotoxemia and intermittent bacteremia (depression, dehydration, anorexia, vomiting, PU/PD, vaginal discharge if cervix open)
  5. vaginal flora or subclinical UTI (E. coli most common!!)
56
Q

what is the most common microorganism involved with pyometra?

A

E. coli

57
Q

This is a dog uterus. What are the arrows pointing to? what is the lesion?

A

blue: uterine horns
green: pus/pus-like fluid

pyometra

58
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pyometra in dogs?

A
  1. diestrus when CL is present and progesterone is high
  2. bacterial infection in a progesterone-primed uterus leads to CEH and pyometra
  3. pyometra causes clinical signs and extra genital lesions often from endotoxemia and bacteria (vaginal discharge, PU/PD due to endotoxin interfering with action ADH, immune-complex glomeronephritis)
59
Q

Smooth muscle tumors:
1. what is the “scientific” name?
2. most common tumor of the tubular genitalia in the ___.
3. where is it located in the tubular genitalia of females?
4. malignant or benign?
5. associated with hormones?

A
  1. leiomyoma or leiomyosarcoma if malignant
  2. dog
  3. smooth mm. wall (myometrium) of uterus, cervix, and vagina
  4. benign
  5. yes, hormone dependent
60
Q

What are these lesions of? This is a bitch uterus

A

Leiomyoma

61
Q

Describe the gross appearance of uterine/cervical/vaginal leiomyomas.

A

well-circumscribed firm masses. on cut section, gelatinous content and bands of smooth mm. and connective tissue

62
Q

Uterine carcinoma:
1. species?
2. gross appearance?
3. behaviour?

A
  1. cattle, rabbit
  2. marked scirrhous reaction, very firm
  3. seeds the abdomen
63
Q

What does scirrhous mean?

A

fibroplastic
produce a lot of scar tissue
see circumferential thickening
instead of seeing a mass, you see stenosis or a contraction band

64
Q

This is a uterus of a cow. What is the lesion)?

A

uterine carcinoma

65
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of rabbits?

A

uterine adenocarcinoma

66
Q

What is the #1 cause of bacteria mastitis? What prevents this?

A

ascending infection along the papillary duct

primary and critical barrier to infection is the osmium and duct of the papilla and its sphincter - physical factors that damage the teat predispose to mastitis

67
Q

Mastitis in dairy cows:
1. primarily ____ (viral/bacterial/fungal/idiopathic?)
2. what are the 3 groups of infecting microorganisms?

A
  1. bacterial
  2. obligate mammary pathogens, environmental contaminants, overlap group
68
Q

Obligate mammary pathogens:
1. what does this mean?
2. list the ones we have to know

A
  1. live w/i mammary tissue, but don’t survive outside
  2. Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma spp.
69
Q

Environmental contaminants in regards to mastitis:
1. what is this?
2. list the ones we have to know

A
  1. pathogens that are out in the environment and survive well out there – don’t really survive in mammary tissue
  2. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
70
Q

Overlap group in regards to mastitis:
1. what is this?
2. list the ones we have to know

A
  1. survive both in mammary tissue and outside environment
  2. Streptococcus uberis & Streptococcus dysgalactiae
71
Q

What are the 3 pathological examples of mastitis that we have to know?

A
  1. severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis
  2. suppurative mastitis
  3. Mycoplasma mastitis
72
Q

What are the etiologies of severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis?

A

E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (coliforms), Staphylococcus aureus

73
Q

severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis:
1. there are concurrent systemic signs from what in this pathology?
2. gross appearance?

A
  1. profound toxemia
  2. swollen, hot, firm, painful (inflammation); straw-coloured, watery to blood-stained milk; well-demarcated zone of coagulation necrosis; tissues become blue-black, soft, cold (gangrene); if the cow survives, the gland may slough
74
Q

This is the udder of a cow. What is the lesion? Name 1 cause of this condition.

A

Severe necrotizing (gangrenous) mastitis.

E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staph. aureus

75
Q

What are the etiologies of suppurative mastitis?

A

pus-forming gram (+) bacteira
less virulent Staph. aurus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Trueperella pyogenes

76
Q

gross appearance of suppurative mastitis?

A

lactiferous ducts and sinus fill with suppurative exudate, fibrosis with chronicity

77
Q

This is the udder of a cow. What is the lesion?

A

Suppurative mastitis

78
Q

Mycoplasma mastitis:
1. What is the species that causes this?
2. how does it happen?
3. gross appearance?
4. important?

A
  1. mycoplasma bovis
  2. hematogenous or ascending infection
  3. single or multiple enlarged firm mammae, multifocal to coalescing foci of caseous necrosis
  4. yes! spread to calves (otitis media and pneumonia), on the rise in Western Canada
79
Q

mamnmary gland from a cow. What is the lesion and what caused it?

A

Mycoplasma mastitis from Mycoplasma bovis

80
Q

mammary neoplasia in dogs:
1. common or uncommon?
2. benign or malignant?
3. how to reduce risk of getting it?
4. what are the 3 categories used by pathologists?

A
  1. really common!
  2. most benign
  3. OHE (spaying)
  4. epithelial, complex (epithelial and myoepithelial), mixed (epithelial and mesenchymal, bone and cartilage)
81
Q

What are the 2 types of mammary masses in cats?

A
  1. fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
  2. mammary neoplasia
82
Q

Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia in cats:
1. signalment?
2. hormonally driven? is yes, then by what?
3. gross appearancE?
4. treatment?

A
  1. young intact female cats (<2 yrs)
  2. yes, progesterone (progestin therapy in spayed females and males)
  3. single or multiple, swollen glands
  4. may resolve spontaneously or be cured by spaying
83
Q

mammary neoplasia in cats:
1. signalment?
2. what effect does spaying have?
3. gross appearance?
4. benign or malignant?

A
  1. older cats (avg 11 yrs)
  2. less clear, may not fix
  3. single, often ulcerated mass
  4. vast majority are malignant (adenocarcinoma) with metastasis
84
Q

Tell me the prognosis of the following situations:
1. Lhasa apso with a mammary mass
2. 1 yo inactivo female cat with mammary mass
3. 10 yo spayed female cat with mammary mass

A
  1. good prognosis, should spay and it should resolve
  2. good prognosis, spaying should cure or it should regress spontaneously
  3. really bad. most likely a malignant neoplasm

425 - sys path (38 decks)

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