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425 - sys path > GI - SI & LI pt 2 > Flashcards

GI - SI & LI pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of intestinal displacements causing necrosis?

A
  1. displacement
  2. incarceration
  3. strangulation
  4. ischemia
  5. necrosis
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2
Q

what is incarceration? Can you correct these?

A

fixation of hernia or entrapped contents
no you can’t correct them

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3
Q

what is strangulation/strangulating obstruction?

A

ischemia with physical blockage of lumen

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4
Q

strangulation leads to ____, _____, and ____, which cause obstruction and progression

A

edema
congestion
hemorrhage

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5
Q

what does volvulus mean?

A

twist of the intestine on its mesenteric axis

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6
Q

what does torsion mean?

A

twist about the long axis of the viscus

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7
Q

What is intussusception?

A

telescoping of the intestine
basically one part of the intestines goes into another part

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8
Q

Intussusception:
1. what age group is this most common In?
2. what small animal species is this most common in? What is the type of intussusception?
3. what large animal species is this most common in? What is the type of intussusception?

A
  1. young
  2. dogs – ileocolic
  3. lambs, calves, young horses – small intestine, cecum, colon
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9
Q

Describe the difference between the intussuscipiens and the intussusceptum.

A

the intussuscipiens receives the intussusceptum

the intussusceptum is the part of the intestine that goes inside the other part of the intestine (intussuscipiens)

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10
Q

how are intussusceptions named? give me the names of these intussusceptions:
1. ileum moved into colon
2. jejunum moved into ileum

A

naming is intussuseptum followed by the intussuscipiens
1. ileocolic intussusception
2. jejunoileal intussusception

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11
Q

What are the causes of intussusception?

A

idiopathic
linear foreign body
heavy parasitism (anaplocephala perfoliate in horses)
previous sx
enteritis
intramural lesions (mass)
can also occur perimortem

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12
Q

How can you tell there has been an intussusception on necropsy?

A

intestinal wall will have 3 layers on cut section

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13
Q

This is a part of a dog intestine. What is the pathology shown? What is the most likely location based on what is most common in this species?

A

intussusception
most likely ileocolic

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14
Q

Hernias:
1. congenital or acquired?
2. what parts of the GIT are part of a hernia?

A
  1. can be both!
  2. omentum, intestine, rarely other abdominal organs
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15
Q

What is an internal hernia? common or uncommon? what species is this typically seen in?

A

displacement of intestine through normal or pathological foramina within the abdominal cavity (no hernial sac)

uncommon
horse

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16
Q

What are the types of internal hernias that we need to know?

A
  1. epiploic foramen entrapment
  2. gastrosplenic ligament entrapment
  3. omental hernia
  4. mesenteric hernia
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17
Q

What is an external hernia? what does it result in? common or uncommon?

A

displacement of intestine through an opening in the abdominal wall

results in the formation of a hernial sac covered by soft tissue and skin and variably a hernial ring (natural or acquired)

common

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18
Q

What are the types of external hernias that we have to know?

A
  1. umbilical hernia
  2. inguinal hernia
  3. diaphragmatic hernia
  4. ventral hernia of the abdominal wall
  5. others: femoral hernia, perineal hernia, prepubic hernias
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19
Q

Umbilical hernia:
1. common or uncommon? congenital or acquired?
2. species?

A
  1. very common. hereditary component
  2. pigs, foals, calves, dogs (most common congenital defect in cattle, hereditary in Holstein, predisposed by infection)
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20
Q

This is an ox. What is the lesion? (hint: look at the position of the lesion)

A

umbilical hernia

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21
Q

This is a guinea pig. What is the lesion? (hint: look at the position of the lesion)

A

inguinal hernia

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22
Q

inguinal hernia:
1. can evolve into a ____ hernia
2. what is patent in an intact male when this happens?
3. it can be heritable. What signalment is this seen in and why?

A
  1. scrotal
  2. inguinal ring
  3. female dogs, inguinal ring remains open
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23
Q

Diaphragmatic hernias:
- common or uncommon?
- usual cause?

A

common
trauma

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24
Q

This is a dog. What is the lesion? (hint: look at the location of the lesion)

A

diaphragmatic hernia

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25
Q

ventral hernias of the abdominal wall are common in _____ _____

A

pregnant mares

26
Q

rectal prolapse:
1. cause?
2. associated with what?

A
  1. prolonged tenesmus or excessive coughing –> both cause increased abdominal pressure
  2. colitis or UTIs
27
Q

This is a ferret butt. What is the lesion?

A

rectal prolapse

28
Q

Define the following terms:
1. enteritis
2. colitis
3. typhlitis
4. procitis

A
  1. inflammation of the small intestine
  2. inflammation of the colon
  3. inflammation of the cecum
  4. inflammation of the rectum
29
Q

What does diphtheritic enteritis mean?

A

cast of fibrin and necrotic cells, if you pulled it off it would be ulcerated underneath

means bacterial infection

30
Q

what is this picture showing?

A

diphtheritic enteritis

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of neonatal diarrhea?

A

dehydration (sunken eyes, tackiness of subq tissues)
fecal staining around perineum (tag) (may or may not be hemorrhagic, often malodorous)
age of animal important for differentials

32
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli
1. what type of diarrhea is produced? how?
2. what age group and timing?
3. what is the common one that we have to know?
4. gross lesions ?
5. histo lesions?

A
  1. secretory. toxin production
  2. first 5 days of life for calves
  3. K99
  4. pineapple juice diarrhea (opaque yellow, very watery)
  5. minimal changes
33
Q

what are the 3 (general) types of E coli that we should know?

A

enterotoxigenic, AEEC (older calves), neonatal sepsis (< 3 days old)

34
Q

what is an important cause of neonatal septicaemia in all species?

A

E. coli

35
Q

what age range does neonatal diarrhea-causing rotavirus and coronavirus affect ?

A

5 days to 2 weeks

36
Q

List differences between neonatal diarrhea-causing rotavirus and coronavirus

A
  1. coronavirus causes distinct crypt necrosis
  2. coronavirus generally much more severe than rotavirus
  3. coronavirus causes grossly apparent fibrin and necrosis
  4. coronavirus can hit both the small and large intestine
  5. rotavirus generally restricted to small intestine
37
Q

What are 3 coronaviruses in pigs that cause neonatal diarrhea?

A

TGE (transmissible gastroenteritis)
PEDV (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus)
porcine deltacoronavirus

38
Q

Is Cryptosporidium zoonotic?

A

YES!!!!

39
Q

What type of little organism is cryptosporidium?

A

protozoal parasite

40
Q

Cryptosporidium:
1. most common in what species/signalment?
2. histo lesions?
3. seen on what types of tests?

A
  1. calves, lambs, pigs, other spp with immunosuppression
    - concurrently with other infections
  2. organisms along brush border
  3. highlighted by acid-fast stains
41
Q

Give me the (broad) pathogens that cause neonatal diarrhea.

A

E. coli
Coronavirus
rotavirus
Cryptosporidium
Coccidia
Clostridium perfringens type C
Rhodococcus equi
Parvovirus/feline panleukopenia

42
Q

What species cause Coccidiosis in herbivores and carnivores?

A

Herbivores: Eimeria
Carnivores: Isospora

43
Q

Coccidiosis:
1. What type of tiny organism is this?
2. species/signalment?
3. What is the special type that we have to know?

A
  1. protozoal parasite
  2. older calves 2wks-6mo
  3. Nervous coccidiosis
44
Q

Coccidiosis: gross lesions?

A

hemorrhagic or fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis

45
Q

tell me how coccidiosis affects production

A

huge costs for production industry, high morbidity, low mortality

46
Q

What cause of diarrhea in adult cattle does coccidiosis resemble?

A

Johne’s disease

47
Q

This is the cecum of an ox. What is the lesion? What is the likely cause of the lesion?

A

lesion = fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis
cause = Coccidiosis (Eimeria)

48
Q

These lesions are caused by coccidiosis. What species is this?

A

Sheep or goat

49
Q

What does AEEC stand for? What type of tiny organism is this?

A

Attaching and Effacing E. coli
enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

50
Q

What does AEEC target? What signalment is common to see this in?

A

targets large intestine including rectum
seen in calves 5 days to 6 mos

51
Q

AEEC: gross lesions?

A

hemorrhagic, colon necrosis

52
Q

What tiny organism that causes neonatal diarrhea produces beta toxin?

A

Clostridium perfringens Type C

53
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type C:
1. signalment?
2. clinical signs?

A
  1. 5-10 days old, rare up to 2 mos
  2. found dead, bloody diarrhea
54
Q

What is the typical signalment of an animal with Rhodococcus equi ?

A

2wk - 6mo old foal
wanning maternal immunity

55
Q

Rhodoccocus equi:
2. gross lesions?
3. histo lesions?
4. what resp sign is also seen with this?

A
  1. SI and LI affected by crateriform ulcers, most common over Peyer’s patches, lymphadenopathy (may contain purulent or caseous material)
  2. pyogranulomatous enterotyphloclolitis and lymphadenitis
  3. suppurative bronchopneumonia
56
Q

This is the SI (right) and general intestines (left) of a foal. What do you think the pathology is?

A

Rhodoccocus equi causing crateriform ulcers

57
Q

What is the etiologies of parvovirus enteritis? how are they related?

A

canine parvovirus 2
feline panleukopenia

canine parvovirus evolved from pan leukopenia

58
Q

Parvoviral enteritis targets _____-_____ tissues. What are some examples?

A

rapidly-dividing

ex. enteric epithelium, hematopoietic tissue, lymphoid tissue, cardiac myocytes in young puppies, developmental abnormalities of CNS

59
Q

Parvoviral enteritis: clinical signs?

A

diarrhea (maybe hemorrhagic), anemia, dehydration, hypoproteinemia, leukopenia

60
Q

Parvoviral enteritis: gross lesions?

A

segmental/widespread subserosal hemorrhage that can extend through the wall

ground glass appearance of serosa (fibrin)

mucoid, fluid, tomato soup contents

SI > colon + stomach

61
Q

parvovirus enteritis: histo lesions?

A

crypt necrosis

62
Q

Small intestines of dog. What is the lesion? What causes this lesion?

A

ground glass appearance of serosa caused by fibrin
parvovirus enteritis caused by canine parvovirus 2

425 - sys path (38 decks)

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