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425 - sys path > Repro pt 3 > Flashcards

Repro pt 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is early embryonic death (EED)?

A

death up to 35-45 days post conception in LA, 20 days in SA

often go unnoticed or open animals, nothing to submit to lab, usually non-infectious - major chromosomal anomalies

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2
Q

What is abortion?

A

expulsion of fetus prior to the time of viability

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3
Q

What is a stillbirth?

A

expulsion of a dead fetus at the time of viability

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4
Q

What is a non-viable neonate?

A

delivery of a live, weak-born animal

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5
Q

What are the 2 important infectious causes of EED in cattle?

A

Tritrichomonas fetus
Campylobacter fetus ssp venerialis

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6
Q

why is the diagnostic rate of fetal loss so low?

A
  • no/little knowledge of maternal health
  • maybe not receiving placenta (some things are only diagnosable by placenta)
  • fetus retained in utero and autolysis obscured lesions
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7
Q

What are factors that improve diagnostic rate?

A
  • outbreak vs sporadic abortion
  • infectious cause – 90% of cases with a diagnosis
  • fresh fetus
  • include placenta
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8
Q

What are the 2 very broad categories of fetal loss? which is more common? what is the exception?

A

infectious and non-infectious

infectious

horses – large number of non-infectious causes of fetal loss - many of them have to do with lack of placental reserve

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9
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of fetal loss common to all species?

A
  • anomalies
  • nutritional diseases (excess or deficiency)
  • toxicosis (plants)
  • hyperthermia
  • environmental stresses (trauma)
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10
Q

what are the non-infectious causes of fetal loss unique to horses?

A
  • twinning
  • inadequate villus development (endometrial fibrosis)
  • premature placental separation
  • body pregnancy
  • umbilical cord anomalies (torsion, excessive length)
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11
Q

Give me examples of bacteria that are infectious causes one fetal loss in multiple species? which ones are zoonotic?

A
  • Brucella spp.
  • Campylobacter spp.
  • Chlamydia abortus
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Leptospira spp.
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Mycoplasma spp.
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Ureaplasma spp

everything is zoonotic except for Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

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12
Q

Give me 2 broad categories of viruses that cause fetal loss in multiple species. Which are zoonotic?

A

Herpesviruses and Pestiviruses

neither are zoonotic (host specific)

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13
Q

Give me examples of protozoa that cause fetal loss in multiple species. which ones are zoonotic?

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Neospora caninum

Toxoplasma is zoonotic

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14
Q

Give me the gross appearance of organs from an animal with herpesvirus (works w/ multiple spp). what histo feature should you know?

A

multifocal, 1-2mm, white foci of necrosis. Most commonly in the liver, but any organ can be affected incl. lung, kidney, adrenal gland, brain

histo: intranuclear inclusion bodies

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15
Q

Describe what lesions an animal with pestivirus has (works with multiple spp).

A

fetal death or persistent infection or fetal malformation (often CNS). depending on virus strain, fetal age, and fetal immune system development

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16
Q

What is the most common route of infection to a fetus in ruminants?

A

hematogenous spread to the placentome

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17
Q

what is the most common route of infection to a fetus in horses?

A

ascending infection through the “loose” cervix

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18
Q

What 3 things can organisms do once placentitis is established?

A
  1. penetrate amnion to colonize skin
  2. inhalation/ingestion of contaminated amniotic fluid
  3. spread through umbilical vessels to the liver and hematogenously throughout fetus
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19
Q

Give me the diagnostic process for fetal loss.

A
  1. examine the placenta for any abnormalities
  2. external examination of the fetus for evidence of fetal distress, congenital abnormalities, skin lesions
  3. estimate/verify the gestational age of the fetus
  4. determine the state of preservation at the time of expulsion
  5. classify the fetal death (abortion, stillbirth, non-viable neonate)
  6. perform a routine necropsy and record any gross findings
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20
Q

What is being shown here? Is it a lesion?

A

amniotic plaques, seen in all species

not a lesion

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21
Q

What is being shown here? Is it a lesion?

A

adventitial placentation in cattle. basically there is placental insufficiency so there is intercotyledonary placentation to compensate for this.

not a lesion itself, but often accompanies placentitis because there is an insufficiency going on

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22
Q

What is this? is it a lesion?

A

hippomane

not a lesion, it is normal (esp in horses)

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23
Q

are there usually any gross lesions seen with viral infections in the placenta?

A

no

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24
Q

what is placentitis?

A

inflammation of the fetal membranes

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25
Q

What are the two broad categories of placentitis?

A

Cotyledonary and intercotyledonary

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26
Q

This is a bovine placenta. What is the lesion?

A

intercotyledonary and cotyledonary placentitis

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27
Q

With intercotyledonary and cotyledonary placentitis, what etiologies should you think of first?

A

bacterial and fungal

esp Brucella spp (depending on location)

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28
Q

this is a bovine placenta. What is the lesion?

A

mycotic placentitis

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29
Q

Describe the gross appearance of mycotic placentitis. Is it intercotyledonary or cotyledonary?

A

exaggerated cotyledonary cupping, leathery appearance, infarction

both

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30
Q

This is an ovine placenta. What is the lesion? what is your primary differential for etiology?

A

cotyledonary placentitis caused by protozoal infection

toxoplasmosis/Toxoplasma gondii

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31
Q

describe the gross appearance of a placenta infected with a protozoa. what is the most common protozoa to infect a placenta in small ruminants?

A

cotyledonary placentitis with pinpoint foci of necrosis and mineralization

Toxoplasma gondii

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32
Q

Inflammation (placentitis) is most severe adjacent to the ____ ____ in mares. This is because the equine cervix is ___ and bacteria readily transfer from the vagina to the placenta at this location.

A

cervical star
loose

33
Q

What is this? What species?

A

Placentitis in a mare

34
Q

In horses, the umbilical cord should be >/< ____ cm/m in length and no more than ____-____ twists. Excessively long umbilical cords are prone to ____. This is a common non-infectious cause of equine abortion.

A

<83cm
3-4 twists
torsion

35
Q

This is a horse fetus and placenta. What is the lesion? How did the fetus die?

A

Umbilical torsion
vascular blockage of the veins/arteries

36
Q

What are 2 pieces of evidence of fetal distress?

A
  1. meconium staining
  2. dystocia
37
Q

Describe the pathology of how meconium indicates fetal distress. what is meconium?

A

when a fetus is distressed from intrauterine hypoxia, meconium is released into the amnion. In addition, the fetus gasps/gulps and aspirates/ingests amniotic fluid into the lungs and abomasum.

baby’s first poop = meconium

38
Q

Why is this fetus yellow?

A

meconium staining

39
Q

This is the trachea and lungs of a fetus. Look in the trachea. What evidence is there to indicate fetal distress?

A

meconium aspiration

40
Q

Reduced venous and lymphatic drainage results in ___, ____, and ____ of the head and tongue, suggestive of ____.

A

edema, congestion, hemorrhage
dystocia

41
Q

what are the 2 broad categories of congenital malformations?

A
  1. breed-associated
  2. unknown (genetic or teratogenic)
42
Q

In mycotic infections, what fetal skin lesion is commonly present? what is the gross appearance?

A

fetal dermatitis/hyperkeratosis

raised, white, plaques often over shoulders and head

43
Q

This is the head of a calf. What is the lesion? What is it indicative of?

A

Fetal dermatitis/hyperkeratosis

mycotic infection

44
Q

Hypotrichosis in calves can be ____ or caused by an in utero infection with ____. What is hypotrichosis?

A

Hereditary
BVDV

little/no hair growth where there normally is hair

45
Q

What is the lesion? Give me two reasons why this might occur in utero

A

Hypotrichosis

hereditary or in utero infection with BVDV

46
Q

This is abnormal wool from a lamb. What is the other name for this condition? What is it indicative of?

A

Hairy shakers

Border disease virus (BVD) infection in utero

47
Q

What are 3 ways to estimate/verify the gestational age of the fetus?

A
  1. weight
  2. crown-rump length
  3. fetal characteristics
48
Q

Give me the pathogenesis of how a fetus is fresh at expulsion.

A
  1. fetuses initiate their own birth through a hormonal cascade
  2. fetuses that die slowly are stressed and have time to initiate parturition
  3. they are expelled immediately and may be born dead or weak-born
  4. they are fresh at time of expulsion
49
Q

Give me the pathogenesis of how a fetus is mummified/autolyzed at expulsion.

A
  1. fetuses initiate their own birth through a hormonal cascade.
  2. fetuses that die suddenly don’t have time to signal to the cow
  3. they remain in utero and “cook” for a while before expulsion)
  4. they are autolyzed or mummified at expulsion
50
Q

A fresh fetus is typical of _____ disease (often ____) and may be ___ for its age

A

chronic disease
often placentitis
small for its age

51
Q

An autolyzed fetus indicates ___ fetal death usually from ____, _____, or _____ infection.

A

rapid
viremia, septicemia, protozoal

52
Q

What state of preservation is this fetus in?

A

autolyzed

53
Q

What state of preservation is this fetus in?

A

fresh

54
Q

What state of preservation is this fetus in?

A

autolyzed

55
Q

Describe the gross appearance of an autolyzed fetus

A

tissues are diffusely stained pink to red with a red gelatinous appearance of the subq and serosanguinous fluid in body cavities

56
Q

What state of preservation is this fetus in?

A

mummy

57
Q

Tell me about the gross appearance of mummified fetuses.

A

Fetal retention with progressive dehydration to become a firm, dry, leathery mass

58
Q

What 2 criteria must there be in order to achieve a mummified fetus?

A
  1. bacteria must be absent
  2. cervix must remain closed
59
Q

What does SMEDI stand for? what species? what is it?

A

Stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death & infertility

pigs

Virus infection that moves up form one piglet to another

60
Q

What is this picture an example of?

A

SMEDI

61
Q

This is a fetus (trust me, it is). What state of preservation is it in?

A

macerated

62
Q

This is a fetus (really it is, trust me). What state of preservation is it in?

A

Macerated

63
Q

Maceration of a fetus requires what kind of infection?

A

bacterial

64
Q

Macerated fetuses can be quite serious for the mother… why?

A

endometritis, metritis, pyometia, and toxaemia may occur. also the bones of the fetus don’t macerate, so they may perforate the mother

65
Q

How do you tell (pathologically) between a stillbirth and a non-viable neonate?

A

look at lungs and put them in water.
If they float, that means fetus took its first breath = non-viable neonate)
if they sink, that means fetus didn’t take its first breath = stillborn

you can also look for periarterial hemorrhage (near umbilical aa) in a non-viable neonate (hemorrhage means alive)

66
Q

You are doing a necropsy on a calf and find these lesions. What organ is this? What are 3 causes?

A

thyroid gland

iodine deficient diet, goitrogenic substances in the diet, inherited genetic condition

67
Q

What is a hemorrhagic tracheal cast pathognomonic for in cattle?

A

Trueperella pyogenes abortion

68
Q

What is a fibrinous tracheal cast pathognomonic for in mares?

A

EHV-1 abortion

69
Q

What is this? what caused this?

A

hemorrhagic tracheal cast

Trueperella pyogenes abortion

70
Q

miliary hepatic necrosis is a feature of certain _____ (esp. ______) and _____ _____.

A

viremias (esp herpesviruses)
bacterial septicemia

71
Q

This is a bovine liver. What caused this?

A

herpesvirus
bovine herpesvirus 1

72
Q

What are the histo hallmarks of fetal herpesvirus infections?

A

multi systemic foci of lytic necrosis and intranuclear inclusion bodies

73
Q

targetoid hepatic necrosis is typical of what?

A

Camylobacter infections (C. fetus fetus and C. jejuni)

74
Q

This is the liver of a fetal lamb. What is the lesion? what most likely caused it?

A

targetoid hepatic necrosis

Campylobacter spp.

75
Q

what lesion does this fetus have?

A

Arthrogryposis

76
Q

Arthrogryposis:
1. often accompanied by deformities of what?
2. if occurring as an epidemic, what should you think of?

A
  1. spinal column and CNS
  2. teratogenic viruses or toxins
77
Q

What lesion is this? What is the common general etiology?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia.
viral

78
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia indicates which specific etiologies in fetuses?

A

parvoviruses (panleukopenia in kittens) and pestiviruses (BVDV xncalves and CSFV in pigs)

79
Q

What is the target organ in protozoal infections?

A

CNS/brain

425 - sys path (38 decks)

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