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Biology Finals > Digestive System (Ch 18) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Ch 18) Flashcards

1
Q

another term for digestive system

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

why is it called a canal

A

has lumen (space inside)

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3
Q

4 steps of food processing

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination / Egestion

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4
Q

what is ingestion

A

process of taking in food

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5
Q

what is digestion

A

process of breaking down food

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6
Q

2 types of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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7
Q

chemical digestion

A

involves enzymes that are specific to certain molecules + break them into smaller pieces (enzymatic hydrolysis)

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8
Q

mechanical digestion

A

Physical grinding up of molecules into smaller pieces

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9
Q

amylase is responsible for ___ of __

A

hydrolysis of starch

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10
Q

lipase is responsible for __ of __

A

hydrolysis of lipids and fats

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11
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of food from digestive to circulatory

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12
Q

how is absorption done and where

A

diffusion, small intestine

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13
Q

water absorption occurs in

A

large intestine

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14
Q

water absorption occurs in

A

large intestine

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15
Q

Elimination

A

final step of food processing

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16
Q

where does undigested material go

A

from the large intestine into the outside environment via anus

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17
Q

the __ causes the tube like appearance

A

alimentary canal

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18
Q

3 types of salivary glands

A

sublingual, parotid, submandibular (submaxillary)

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19
Q

mechanical digestion in the mouth occurs in form

A

chewing

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20
Q

3 steps food takes

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus

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21
Q

where does chemical digestion also occur

A

mouth

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22
Q

what does salivary gland produce

A

saliva

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23
Q

how does saliva enter mouth

A

through ducts

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24
Q

what does Salivary amylase
break down

A

Breaks down starch into a compound called maltose

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25
Q

what is starch broken down by

A

salivary amylase to form maltose

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26
Q

what is maltose composed of

A

2 glucose molecules (disaccharide)

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27
Q

Pharynx

A

chamber common to both respiratory + digestive systems

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28
Q

Epiglottis

A

small piece of cartilage that prevents food from passing into trachea

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29
Q

what happens to larynx when swallowing

A

the larynx is first pulled upward, causing epiglottis to cover the entrance to the respiratory

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30
Q

what is bolus

A

food in a ball form

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31
Q

muscular contractions in which food is moved down stomach

A

peristalsis

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32
Q

what is esophagus

A

muscular tube that passes food from mouth to stomach

33
Q

Cardiac orifice (opening)

A

entrance to stomach

34
Q

mouth function

A

Moistens food w/ saliva from salivary glands
begins breakdown of starch

35
Q

does trachea open or close when breathing

A

open

36
Q

function of stomach

A
  1. Stores material
  2. Produces digestive enzymes + gastric juice (HCL + Enzymes)
  3. where protein digestion occur
37
Q

HCL function

A

lowers stomach pH

38
Q

low pH actives __

A

pepsinogen into pepsin

39
Q

rugae (folds)

A

internal stomach

40
Q

Pepsinogen

A

inactive form of pepsin + secreted by chief cells

41
Q

pepsin

A

breaks peptide bonds of protein chains (to become a.a.) then moved to small intestine for absorption

42
Q

Chyme

A

contents from stomach mixed w/ gastric juices

43
Q

how does chyme move from stomach to SI

A

through pyloric sphincter

44
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

band of smooth muscle that regulates food passage from stomach into small intestine

45
Q

summary of secretion of pepsin in stomach

A

1.Pepsinogen + HCL are secreted into stomach
2.HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin
3. Pepsin activates more pepsinogen into pepsin to start a chain reaction

46
Q

where is chemical digestion completes

A

SI

47
Q

what happens in Duodenum

A

absorption takes place

48
Q

what is and what happens in jejunum and Ileum

A

Organs that aid inc chemical digestion

Secretions are drained into duodenum via specific ducts

49
Q

where is villi and microvilli

A

duodenum

50
Q

Absorption

A

process where nutrients are diffused into bloodstream through villi -> capillaries -> cell memb

51
Q

project off the villi

A

microvilli

52
Q

Villi

A

small, finger- like projections away from wall of s.i
Supplied w/ capillaries (blood vessels)

53
Q

3 accessory organs of stomach

A

liver, pancreas, gallbladder

54
Q

liver function

A

1.Detoxification (alcohol)
2.Storage of glucose (in form of glycogen)
3. Produces bile
3. Break down big fat droplets into smaller pieces = emulsification

55
Q

what is Pancreatic amylase (maltase) function

A

Breaks down disaccharide into monosaccharides (maltose into glucose)

Responsible for starch digestion

56
Q

what does pancreas secret

A

pancreatic lipase

57
Q

what is pancreatic lipase

A

Enzyme responsible for breaking down fats into glycerol + fatty acids after emulsified

58
Q

what does pancreas produce

A

Produce many digestive enzymes (Pancreatic trypsin + chymotrypsin)

produce hormones (insulin and glucagon)

59
Q

gallbladder function

A

Stores bile
Bile from gallbladder released into small intestine
Gallstones (cholecystitis)

60
Q

what does parietal cells secrete

A

HCL

61
Q

what does mucus cells secrete

A

mucus which protects cells lining

62
Q

jejunum + Ileum function

A

Also responsible for absorption of nutrients
Reabsorb some water back into body

63
Q

where is cecum and appendix in

A

jejunum and ileum

64
Q

Cecum

A

small sac in T shaped intersection where material movies from small intes to large

65
Q

Appendix

A

edge of cecum that is a finger like projection

66
Q

long intestine function

A

Storage + elimination of solid wastes
Secretion of mucus (goblet cell) to allow passage of solids

67
Q

large intestine is also decomposition of

A

organic material w/ help of bacteria (e coli)
- Bacteria feed on waste + indigestible materials (cellulose)

68
Q

what does large intestine produce

A

vitamins (k and biotin)

69
Q

what does rectum do

A

stores and eliminate waste

70
Q

3 parts of long intestine

A

Ascending (going up)
Transverse (across)
Descending (going down)

71
Q

bile function

A

breaks down fats to smaller particles

72
Q

what is enzymes

A

catalyst and is almost always a protein.
It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell.
The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over

73
Q

enzymes are exported from pancreas via

A

pancreatic duct into SI

74
Q

tryptsin

A

digestion of proteins

75
Q

2 ways of mechanical digestion

A

chewing and churning in stomach

76
Q

3 ways of chemical digestion

A
  1. saliva in mouth (salivary amylase)
  2. acid and pepsin in stomach (HCL)
    3.enzymes in SI (p. amylase, lipase, trypsin)
77
Q

cardiac sphincter regulates

A

how much will get into stomach

78
Q

5 pathways of food

A
  1. mouth
    - salivary glands
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. liver
  6. pancreas
    7.gallbladder
  7. small and large instestive
  8. anus

Biology Finals (15 decks)

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