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biology finals > Reproductive + Urinary System (Ch 21) > Flashcards

Reproductive + Urinary System (Ch 21) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

one organism; budding
=one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis

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2
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

2 organisms are; fertilization & zygote

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3
Q

3 types of invertebrates asexual reproduction

A
  1. binary fission
  2. budding
  3. fragmentation
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4
Q

budding meaning

A

new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones

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5
Q

binary fission meaning

A

separation of a parent into 2 or more of same size

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6
Q

fragmentation meaning

A

breaking organisms body in several pieces

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7
Q

why is sexual more favorable than asexual reproduction

A

asexual is:
Don’t provide genetic variability
Not energy efficient
Few organism result

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8
Q

sexual reproduction meaning

A

2 parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes from parents

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9
Q

2 types of sexual reproduction

A
  1. external fertilization
    2.internal fertilization
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10
Q

what is internal fertilization and example

A

Sperm deposited in / near female reproductive tract + fertilization occurs within tract
Ex: humans and animals

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11
Q

how does necturus (salamander) produce fertilization

A

Female pick up sperm w/ cioca and squeezes it into her reproductive organ

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12
Q

what does external fertilization do

A

Eggs shed by female are fertilized by sperm outside body of female (male releases sperm)

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13
Q

pathway of egg

A

Ovary
Oviduct
Cervix (uterus)
Vagina
Vaginal opening

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14
Q

what is endometriosis and how does it occur

A

one of the most common gynecological conditions
=Occurs when tissue (endometrium) lining inside uterus grows outside uterus

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15
Q

where does endometriosis occur

A

Often in pelvic and abdominal area

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16
Q

other terms for endometriosis

A

areas May be called implants, lesions, nodules

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17
Q

Nodules occur: (4)

A

On or under ovaries
Behind uterus
On tissues that hold uterus in lace
On bowels/ bladder

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18
Q

causes of endometriosis

A

inherited
Results from genetic mutations
High estrogen
Environment agents influence (chemical exposure)

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19
Q

endometriosis symptoms

A

painful period - severe cramping
Painful intercourse
Fatigue / exhaustion
Other abdominal pain - lower back pain
Heavy/ irregular bleeding

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20
Q

how to test for endometriosis

A

ultrasounds
MRI
Laparoscopy - surgery that views nodules or obtain biopsy

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21
Q

pathway of sperm

A

Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Sperm duct
Urethra
Urogenital opening

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22
Q

what is testis

A

paired testes produce sperm

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23
Q

where does testis hang

A

below scrotum for sperm production

24
Q

sperm are produced by __ in __

A

meiosis, seminiferous tubules

25
Q

where is sperm collected

A

epididymis that lead to vas deferens

26
Q

epididymis stores what

A

sperm cells

27
Q

3 sets of male accessory glands

A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland
  3. Bulbourethral gland (root of penis)
28
Q

function of seminal vesicle

A

Secretes fructose rich fluid
Nourishment for sperm cells

29
Q

Prostate gland function

A

Secretes alkaline fluid rich in prostaglandins
Neutralize acidic environment of vagina

30
Q

Bulbourethral gland (root of penis) produce:

A

Produce mucus for movement

31
Q

where does fluid portion of semen drain into

A

drain into spermatic duct or base or urethra

32
Q

prostate cancer

A

cancer cells form in prostate tissues

33
Q

Prostate cancer
Symptoms

A

needy to urinate
Painful urination
Difficult having erection
Painful ejaculation
Blood in semen and urine

34
Q

risk factors of prostate cancer

A

Age =over 55 (avert 70)
Family history = higher risk if diagnosed before 60

35
Q

Urinary (excretory system) function

A

excretion (gets rid of metabolic wastes)
Produces proteins and nucleic acids

36
Q

what type of waste does urinary get rid of

A

nitrogenous wastes

37
Q

what nitrogenous waste does aquatic animals get rid of

A

ammonia

38
Q

what nitrogenous waste does mammals, humans get rid of

A

urea

39
Q

what type of nitrogenous waste do birds, reptiles, insects get rid of

A

uric acid

40
Q

Pathway of urine:

A

Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Urinary opening (female)
Urogenital opening (male)

41
Q

2 distinct region of mammalian kidney

A

Outer (cortex)
Inner (medulla)

42
Q

Nephron function

A

functional unit of kidney
Consists of single long tubule + glomerulus (ball of capillaries)

43
Q

renal vein oxygenated blood or deoxygenated

A

oxygenated(towards kdiney)

44
Q

how does excretory systems produce urine

A

refining a filtrate derived from bodily fluids

45
Q

4 types of filtration from body fluids

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion

46
Q

filtration

A

Excretory tubule collects a filtrate from blood
Water & solutes are forced by blood pressure into tubule

47
Q

Reabsorption

A

Valuable substances are reclaimed from the filtrate and returned to body fluids

48
Q

Secretion

A

Other substances (toxins) are extracted from body fluids and added to contents of tubule

49
Q

Excretion

A

Filtrate leaves body

50
Q

glomerulus filters __

A

small solutes from blood

51
Q

ascending loop of henle reabsorbs _

A

Na+ and Cl- from filtrate into interstitial fluid

52
Q

proximal convoluted tubule function

A

water, ions, nutrients and remove toxins and adjust filtrate pH

53
Q

distal tubule function

A

secretes and absorbs diff ions

54
Q

collective duct reabsorbs _

A

solutes and water from filtrate

55
Q

descending loop of henle allows __

A

water to pass from filtrate into interstitial

56
Q

kidney pathway

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. proximal convoluted tubules
  3. descending loop of Henle
  4. ascending loop of Henle
  5. Distal tubule
  6. collecting duct
57
Q

advantage of sexual reproduction

A

genetic variation; survival

biology finals (15 decks)

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