Senses (Ch 22&23)

Question 1

Sensory receptor

Answer 1

detects info about changes in internal and external environment

Question 2

5 types of sensory receptors

Answer 2

1. mechanoreceptors
2. chemoreceptors
3. photoreceptors
4. thermoreceptors
   5.electroreceptors

Question 3

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 3

transduce mechanical energy
ex: hearing and touch

Question 4

Chemoreceptors

Answer 4

chemical compounds
Ex: taste and smell

Question 5

photoreceptors

Answer 5

transduce light energy
Use pigments to absorb light energy
Ex: sight

Question 6

Thermoreceptors

Answer 6

recognize hot and cold
Ex: pit organ in snakes: it can sense hot and cold, thus snake can sense its warm blooded prey

Question 7

Electroreceptors

Answer 7

detect electrical fields
ex: shark has this around the head. It detects fish heartbeat (Ampullae of Lorenzini)

Question 8

Sclera

Answer 8

curved, tough, forms outer coat of eyeball
supporting wall of eyeball
white , outer surface of eye
Gives eyes its shape

Question 9

Choroid

Answer 9

layer outside retina
-Sheet of cells filled w/ black pigment that absorb light
-Prevent light from being reflected back into photoreceptors in retina

Question 10

cornea

Answer 10

Lines inner surface of back of eye
=Consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send signals related to properties of light + brain
= has transduction process

Question 11

transduction

Answer 11

When light reaches back of eye, it stimulates a layer of specialized receptors that convert light into a message that the brain can interpret

Question 12

Iris

Answer 12

Round muscle that adjusts the size of pupil
Gives eyes their characteristic colour

Question 13

Cornea

Answer 13

Clear layer that covers front portion of the eye
Helps to eye’s ability to focus

Question 14

Pupil

Answer 14

Regulates amount of light that enters by changing its size (size regulated by iris)

Question 15

what happens to pupil when it dilate and constrict

Answer 15

expand, shrink

Question 16

lens

Answer 16

Clear structure that focuses light onto the back of eye by accomodation

Question 17

accomodation

Answer 17

change shape to make image stay focused (having the light that hits retina stay focus)

Question 18

Macula

Answer 18

area in back of eye, center of retina
Region of sharpest vision b/c it has greatest receptor cells density
Where cones is most concentrated

Question 19

optic nerve

Answer 19

transmits image to the brain via complex signals
Where signals from rods and cones travel

Question 20

Blind spot

Answer 20

area with no photoreceptors (cons and rods)

Question 21

Focusing on distant objects

Answer 21

ciliary muscles relaxes and lens flatten

Question 22

Focusing on close objects

Answer 22

ciliary muscles contracts and lens rounder

Question 23

Extrinsic eye muscles

Answer 23

operate eye balls

Question 24

3 layers of tunic

Answer 24

Outside (fibrous) : strong
Middle (vascular)
Inner (neuronal)

Question 25

myopia (nearsighted)

Answer 25

image fall short of retina
Long eyeball, bulgy lens
Solve: wear convex/ diverging glasses

Question 26

Farsightedness (or hyperopia)

Answer 26

image to be focused behind the retina
Short eyeball, flat lens
Solve: wear concave/ converging glasses

Question 27

Detached Retina happens when

Answer 27

separation of pigmented layer + photoreceptor layers of retina (no access to blood vessels)

Question 28

Glaucoma

Answer 28

pressure within eye caused by buildup of aqueous humor
=Causes retina damage
=Vision loss

Question 29

location of chemoreceptors (smell)

Answer 29

olfactory epithelium

Question 30

Pheromones

Answer 30

small volatile molecules secreted into environment (animals uses this to communicate)

Question 31

Vomeronasal organ

Answer 31

Specialized chemoreceptor cells that detect pheromones in mammals

Question 32

inability to smell

Answer 32

anosmia

Question 33

location of chemoreceptors (taste)

Answer 33

tongue taste buds

Question 34

5 basic tastes

Answer 34

Sweet & sour
Salty & bitter
Umami (salts of glutamic acid,

Question 35

inability to taste

Answer 35

Aguesia (disorder)

Question 36

diminished ability to tase

Answer 36

Hypogeusia

Question 37

where is mechanoreceptors located (touch)

Answer 37

skin

Question 38

where is sense of touch located in animals

Answer 38

base of hair

Question 39

sensitive to light touch

Answer 39

Meisseners corpuscles

Question 40

describe outer ear function

Answer 40

Gathers sound + directs it to eardrum

Question 41

middle ear function

Answer 41

Transforms sound energy for inner ear

Question 42

3 bones of middle ear

Answer 42

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 43

location and what does inner ear include

Answer 43

Location of auditory receptors
Includes semicircular canals + cochlea

Question 44

Cochlea

Answer 44

contains fluid and lined with hairs
Thus, fluid stimulates hair cells to move

Question 45

sound waves are caused by

Answer 45

vibrations to ear drum

Question 46

what does vibrations create

Answer 46

pressure waves in fluid in cochlea (hair cells bend)

Question 47

message travels via?

Answer 47

auditory nerve to brain

Question 48

ear structure function

Answer 48

maintains balance + equilibrium

Question 49

utricle + succulent + semicircular canals function

Answer 49

tell brain which way is up and inform position & acceleration of body