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Anatomy > Lecture Notes 1-4 > Flashcards

Lecture Notes 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomic position?

A

Body erect, feet together, arms at side with palms forward

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2
Q

Which anatomical plane is vertical and passes longitudinally through the body, dividing it into EQUAL right and left haves.

A

Median (mid-sagittal) Plane

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3
Q

Which anatomical planes is vertical and passes through the body PARALLEL to median plane, dividing it into UNEQUAL right and left halves?

A

Sagittal Plane

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4
Q

Which anatomic plane is vertical and pass through body at right angles to median plane, dividing body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)?

A

Coronal (frontal) Plane

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5
Q

Which anatomic plane passes through the body at right angles median and coronal planes, dividing it into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions?

A

Horizontal (transverse) Plane

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6
Q

Skin is ___ to muscle, which are ____ to the skin

A

Skin is SUPERFICIAL to muscles, which are DEEP to the skin

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7
Q

The ulna is on the ___ side of the forearm while the radius is ____

A

The ulna is on the MEDIAL side of the forearm while the radius is LATERAL

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8
Q

The sternum is ___ to the heart, which is ____

A

The sternum is ANTERIOR to the heart, which is POSTERIOR

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9
Q

The ankle is ____ to the hip

A

The ankle is DISTAL/INFERIOR to the hip

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10
Q

The humerus is ____ to radius, which is ____

A

The humerus is PROXIMAL to the radius, which is DISTAL

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11
Q

The thumb is ____ to the pinky

A

The thumb is LATERAL to the pinky

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What plane does abduction and adduction occur in?

A

Coronal plane

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14
Q

____: moving a body part closer to the median plane

_____: moving the body part away from the median plane

A

Adduction: moving a body part closer to the median plane

Abduction: moving the body part away from the median plane

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15
Q

______: brings anterior surface closer to the median plane

______: brings anterior surface farther from median plane

A

Medial (Internal) Rotation: brings anterior surface closer to the median plane

Lateral (External) Rotation: brings anterior surface farther from median plane

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16
Q

___: a bending action that decreases the angle between two body parts

___ : a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts

A

Flexion: a bending action that decreases the angle between two body parts

Extension: a straightening action that increases the angle between two body parts

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

The head, neck, and trunk make up the ____ limbs while the shoulders and pelvis make up the ____

A

axial; appendicular

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19
Q

What are the four primary tissue?

A

1) Nervous
2) Muscle
3) Connective tissue
4) Epithelial

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20
Q

Match primary tissue to function

A. ____ - Lines cavities and organs
B. _____ -Provides support
C. _____ - Movement
D. ____ -Control and communication

A

A. Epithelial - Lines cavities and organs
B. Connective -Provides support
C. Muscle - Movement
D. Nervous -Control and communication

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21
Q

Which primary tissues has a role in protecting, absorbing, secreting, excretion and digestion?

A

Epithelium

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22
Q

What do primary tissues combine to form?

A

Organs

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23
Q

Which type of epithelium is
consists of closely aggregated cells with minimal ECM, tightly bound by junctions?

A

Epithelium proper

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24
Q

What does epithelium lie on top of and rely on for nutrients diffusion and to connect it to underlying connective tissue?

A

Basal lamina

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25
Q

What two criteria are epithelium proper classified by?

A

Cell shape and layering

Shape: cuboidal, columnar, squamous
Layering: simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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26
Q

___: one layer of cells, but cells can be of different shapes and sizes and nuclei appear distributed across different levels

A

Pseudostratified

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27
Q

True or False: Cell activity increases as height of individual cell increases

A

True

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28
Q

How are stratified epithelium classified?

A

By shape of cells on free surface of epithelium

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29
Q

Which type of epithelium lines body cavities (mesothelium) and blood vessels (endothelium)?

A

Simple squamous

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30
Q

Which type of epithelium forms secretory units and lines ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal

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31
Q

Which type of epithelium is absorptive or secretory?

A

Simple columnar

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32
Q

Which epithelium are frequently ciliated and located in respiratory or urinary tract?

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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33
Q

Which type of epithelium may be keratinized or non-keratinized?

A

Stratified squamous

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34
Q

What shape are the basal cells of stratified squamous? Which layer has mitotic activity? Which layer is site of cellular differentiation?

A

Basal cells of stratified squamous are cuboidal. Basal layer is layer of cellular differentiation while the middle layers of site of cellular differentiation.

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35
Q

What type of epithelium is found at the junction between stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

Stratified columnar

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36
Q

True or False: Stratified cuboidal epithelia is found in some ducts

A

True

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37
Q

Which type of epithelium commonly lines distensible organs (e.g the bladder)?

A

Transitional epithelium

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38
Q

In which state are transitional cells with puffy, dome shaped cells, that bulge into the lumen?

A

Relaxed state

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39
Q

What cells are found in the basal and surface layer of transitional cells in the distended state?

A

Basal Layer: Cuboidal
Surface Layer: Squamous

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40
Q

Which type of stratified epithelium is located in the testes only and is involved in sperm production?

A

Germinal epithelium

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41
Q

Are epithelial cells polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

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42
Q

What two features do epithelial cells have on their apical layer to aid in fluid transport/absorption AND motiltiy?

A

1) Microvilli: fluid transport and absorption
2) Cilia: motile, to move substances on surface

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43
Q

Which domain in the epithelium is in contact with adjacent cells to maintain wall structure?

A

Lateral Domain

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44
Q

What junctional complexes are found on the lateral domain of epithelial cells?

A

1) Zonula occludens
2) Zonula adherens
3) Macula adherens

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45
Q

What primary tissue forms glands?

A

Epithelial Tissue

46
Q

What is an example of unicellular exocrine glands?

A

Goblet cells of the gut

47
Q

Which lacks ducts: endocrine or exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands

48
Q

What type of exocrine glands can form a sheet of cells secreting into a common lumen (as in the stomach) and may have secretory units that secrete into a duct system?

A

Multicellular

49
Q

What types of secretory products can be made in exocrine glands?

A

1) Mucous: thick, viscous
2) Serous: watery
3) Mixed: mucous + serous

50
Q

What three modes of secretion are found in secretory cells of exocrine glands?

A

1) Merocrine: secretory product is released via exocytosis

2) Apocrine: secretory product released, along with portion of apical cytoplasma and plasmalemma

3) Holocrine: whole cell is secretory product

51
Q

Which primary tissue is primarily made of ground substance and fibers?

A

Connective tissue

52
Q

What primary tissue supports bones, cartilage, and tendons?

A

Connective Tissue

53
Q

Which primary tissue stores fat and protects against physical and immunological harm?

A

Connective Tissue

54
Q

Which primary tissue surrounds organs and divides (septa) them into smaller functional units?

A

Connective Tissue

55
Q

____: material between cells
____: includes tissue fluids and other substances (glycoaminoglycans and glycoproteins)

A

ECM: material between cells

Ground Substance: includes tissue fluids and other substances (glycoaminoglycans and glycoproteins)

56
Q

_____: formed as filtrate of blood plasma by hydrostatic pressure

A

Tissue Fluid

57
Q

How does tissue fluid return to blood?

A

Osmotic pressure and lymph system

58
Q

What provides a medium for transport of material from blood to cells and waste from cells to blood?

A

Tissue Fluid

59
Q

What are the most abundant connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen Fibers

60
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A

1) Collagen
2) Elastic
3) Reticular

61
Q

What type of connective tissue fibers largely make up tendons and ligaments?

A

Collagen

62
Q

Which connective tissue fibers form a fine network around muscle, nerve, and fat cells?

A

Reticular Fibers

63
Q

Which connective tissue fibers are described as long, thin, branching networks?

A

Elastin Fibers

64
Q

What cells create produce ground substance and deposit fibers into it?

A

Connective Tissue cells

65
Q

Are cells that end with -blast immature or mature?

Are cells that end with -cyte immature or mature?

A
  • blast = immature
  • cyte - mature
66
Q

At what stage are connective tissue cells actively make ECM?

At what stage are connective tissue cells surrounded and locked inside their own matrix and are less active in replacing ECM?

A

Immature Stage
Mature Stage

67
Q

What are the type types of connective tissue proper?

A

1) Loose
2) Dense

68
Q

What are the two type of dense connective tissue?

A

1) Dense Regular
2) Dense Irregular

69
Q

What type of dense collective tissue contains collagen fibers that are arranged in many different directions, thus increasing resistance to stretching and distension?

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

70
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue located?

A

Dermis and submucosa of hollow organs

71
Q

What is the main functional component of tendons and ligaments?

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

72
Q

Which type of dense connective tissue has collagen fibers that are tightly packed in parallel bundles?

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

73
Q

True or False: Adipose, Bone, Cartilage, and Blood are specialized connective tissue

A

True

74
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cartilage cells

75
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

1) Hyaline
2) Elastic
3) Fibrocartilage

76
Q

What is the most prevalent type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

77
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

-Ribs
-Nose
-Respiratory system
-Synovial Joints

78
Q

How is elastic cartilage unlike hyaline?

A

Elastic cartilage has both elastic and collagen fibers in the matrix while hyaline primary has collagen fibers

79
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?
A. synovial joints
B. intervertebral discs and public symphysis
C. axial skeleton
D. parietal bone

A

B. intervertebral discs and public symphysis

80
Q

True or False: Bone is heavier than cartilage, as well as more rigid and resistance

A

True

81
Q

What makes bone hard?

A

Deposition of inorganic salts of calcium and phosphate

82
Q

____: the outer osteogenic layer of bone

A

periosteum

83
Q

True or False: Bone is avascular

A

False - bone is vascular

84
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

1) Compact
2) Cancellous/spongy

85
Q

Compact bone is associated with ____ while spongy bone is associated with ___

A

osteons; trabeculae

86
Q

True or False: All bones have an outer shell of compact bone

A

True

87
Q

True or False: Inside of bone contains either spongy bone or red marrow

A

True

88
Q

____: information in one neuron is then relayed to one or more neurons through synapses

A

Transmission

89
Q

____: the electrical potential changes can be spread or propagated throughout neuron via AP

A

Conductivity

90
Q

____: neurons respond to chemical/physical stimuli

A

Excitability/irritability

91
Q

What cells physically, metabolically, and electrically support neurons, as well as have a phagocytic function?

A

Glial cells

92
Q

Where are Nissl substances found? What do they indicate?

A

Soma of neuron (ribosomes); indicate metabolically active cell

93
Q

What is the afferent part of the neuron?

A

Dendrite

94
Q

Which are more common: electrical or chemical synapses?

A

Chemical synapses

95
Q

____: site where neural signals are transmitted to another neuron or muscle

A

Terminal endings

96
Q

True or False: synaptic vesicles fuse with plasmalemma and NT is exocytosed

A

True

97
Q

What is the most common neuron?

A

Multi-polar neuron
(1 axon + two or more dendrites)

98
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

Special senses (vision, hearing, etc)

99
Q

Where does the afferent/receptive end of pseudounipolar neurons extend to?
Where does the efferent portion extend to?

A

Periphery (skin); CNS where synaptic terminal is

100
Q

What type of neurons are located in the rods and cones in retina and lacks dendrites?

A

Unipolar neurons

101
Q

The ANS is responsible for innervation of what three structures?

A

1) smooth muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) glandular epithelium

102
Q

___: groups of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS

A

Ganglia

103
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

104
Q

What type of muscle is attached by tendons/aponeuroses by a connective tissue layer (epimysium)?

A

Skeletal muscle

105
Q

The muscle belly can be subdivided into smaller units called ___

A

fascicles

106
Q

Each fascicle is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called ___

A

perimysium

107
Q

Each fascicle is formed by a bundle of muscle cells, which are surrounded by layer of connective tissue called ______

A

endomysium

108
Q

Are muscle fibers multi-nucleated or uni-nucleated? Where are nuclei located?

A

multi; periphery

109
Q

Muscle fibers are made up of ___, which are formed by sarcomeres

A

Myofibril

110
Q

True or False: Myofibrils

A

Anatomy (28 decks)

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