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Anatomy > Lecture 18: Orbit, Eye, and Ear > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Orbit, Eye, and Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What seven walls make up the orbit of the eye?

A

1) Frontal
2) Lacrimal
3) Palatine
4) Maxillary
5) Zygomatic
6) Sphenoid
7) Ethmoid

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2
Q

Label the following

A
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3
Q

Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic control to the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Facial nerve

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4
Q

_____ is the opening from the pterygopalatine fossa

A

Inferior orbital fissure

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5
Q

Label the following:

A
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6
Q

Once the lacrimal gland secretes tears, how are they transported from the gland to the conjunctival sac?

A

Lacrimal duct

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7
Q

How are tears transported from the conjunctival sac to the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Lacrimal canaliculi

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8
Q

The cornea, sclera, and limbus (cornea sclera junction) make up which layer of the eye?

A

Fibrous, external layer

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9
Q

____: tough coating of the eye, white part

___: transparent part of eye, covers lens and supporting structures

A

Sclera

Cornea

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10
Q

What is the pathway that tears take?

A
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11
Q

Which layer of the eye is associated with vasculature?

A

Middle layer of the eye

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12
Q

Which layer of the eye contains the following?
- choroid
- ciliary body (and processes)
- iris
- pupil
- sphincter/dilator papillae

A

Vascular layer (choroid)

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13
Q

______: located between fibrous later and retina, houses capillary lamina compex

A

Choroid

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14
Q

Capillary lamina supplies blood supply to which layer of the eye?

A

Choroid

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15
Q

Label the following:

A
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16
Q

Which structure of the eye secretes aqueous humor into the anterior chamber?

A

Ciliary processes

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17
Q

____: Thin diaphragm anterior to lens, manipulates amount of light entering the eye

____: Central aperture of iris, where light enters eyeball

A

Iris

Pupil

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18
Q

Ciliary Body connects the choroid to which structures?

A

Lens and Iris

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19
Q

Which muscles are indicated by the orange and blue regions? Function of those muscles?

A

Orange = Dilator Papillae (dilates pupil, sympathetic innervation)

Blue = Sphincter Papillae (constricts pupil, parasympathetic innervation)

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20
Q

The optic disc, macula lutea, and fovea centralis composed which part of the inner layer of the eye?

A

Fundus of the eyeball

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21
Q

____: spot where CN II enters, creating a blind spot

____: location for visual acuity lateral to optic disc

___: center of macula, spot for light to focus

A

Optic disc: spot where CN II enters, creating a blind spot

Macula lutea: location for visual acuity lateral to optic disc

Fovea centralis: center of macula, spot for light to focus

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22
Q

True or False: Aqueous humor helps refract light, helps light be focused on an object

A

True

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23
Q

Label the following

A
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24
Q

Which layer of the retina are rods and cones found in?

A

Neural Layer
A. Photoreceptive Neuron Layer

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

Which layer of the retina (Optic or Non-visual Layer) contains: light receptive cells, rods (low light) and cones (color) ; optic nerve; bipolar neurons; ganglia layers

A

Optic Layer

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27
Q

Macula lutea is also known as the ___

A

fovea

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28
Q

Label the chambers of the eye:

A
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29
Q

True or False: Both the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye contain aqueous humor

A

False (anterior only! - made by ciliary body)

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30
Q

Which chamber of the eyeball contains Aqueous Humor?

A

Anterior Chamber
(helps refract light + provides nutrients to surrounding structures)

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31
Q

Which chamber of the eye is located between the iris/pupil and lens/ciliary body?

A

Posterior Chamber

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32
Q

Which muscle change the shape of the lens and focal distance?

A

Ciliary muscles

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33
Q

___: Active process of lens manipulation, parasympathetic control via CN III

A

Accommodation

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34
Q

Why can trauma to the eye dislodge or detach the retina?

A

Pigmented and Neural layer are not firmly held onto each other

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35
Q

____: a disease of the eye associated with deterioration of the lens

____: a condition in which the lens becomes more opaque, making it more challenging for light to enter

A

Presbyopia (Age-related Farsightedness)

Cataracts

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36
Q

Cause of glaucoma?

A

Imbalance of aqueous humor production and removal

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37
Q

Which chamber of the eye contains Vitreous Humor?

A

Posterior Chamber

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

What are the three types of extra-ocular muscles

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris
Rectus Muscles (4)
The Obliques (2)

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40
Q

Name this muscle:
What is its function and origin?

A

Levator Palpebral Superiosis
Action: Elevates upper eyelid
Origin: Sphenoid

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41
Q

What is the origin for the following eye muscles:
* Superior Rectus
* Medial Rectus
* Lateral Rectus
* Inferior Rectus

A

The rectus muscles originate in the common tendinous ring

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42
Q

Which eye muscles originates in the inferomedial orbital floor?

A

Inferior Oblique Muscle

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43
Q

Label the following muscles and the CN that innervates them

A
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44
Q

Label the following muscles and the CN that innervates them

A
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45
Q

True or False: The Superior and Inferior rectus muscle are important for eye ADduction, while the Lateral Rectus is important ABducting and the Medial Rectus is important ADducting

A

True

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46
Q

Which muscle functions to elevate, adduct, and medially rotate?

Which muscle functions to depress, adduct, and laterally rotate?

A

Superior rectus = elevate, adduct, and medially rotate

Inferior rectus = depress, adduct, and laterally rotate

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47
Q

Intorsion (medial rotation) and Extorsion (lateral rotation) are predominately done by which muscle?

A

Oblique muscles

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48
Q

Which eye muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve?

Which eye muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve?

A

Abducens = lateral rectus
Trochlear = superior oblique

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49
Q

Functions of the Inferior Oblique?

A
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50
Q

Functions of the Superior Oblique?

A
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51
Q

Which cranial nerve is important for special sense of vision?

Which nerve provides motor function to some extraocular muscles, as well as levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Optic Nerve (neuronal layer of retina)

Oculomotor Nerve

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52
Q

Which cranial nerve carries a pre-synpaptic parasympathetic fiber to cilliary ganglion?

A

Oculomotor

53
Q

Which cranial nerve provides motor function to superior oblique muscle?

Which cranial nerve provides motor function to the lateral rectus?

A

Trochlear = superior oblique muscle
Abducens = lateral rectus

54
Q

Which cranial nerve will provide general sensation to the orbit and the eye, as well as superior orbital fissure?

A

Trigeminal (V1)

55
Q

What three nerves branch off of the opthalmic n.?

A

1) Lacrimal: lac gland
2) Frontal: eyelid, forehead, scalp via: supratrochlear/supraorbital
3) Nasociliary: eyeball, orbit, face
3A) Infratrochlear: eyelids, conjunctiva

56
Q

Which cranial nerve travels alongside lacrimal n on its way to lacrimal gland?

A

CN 7

57
Q

Ciliary ganglion are: ____ ganglion that include passage of general sensory fibers from NASOCILIARY n., PRESYNAPTIC PS FIBERS FROM CN3 (synapse here); and POSTSYNAPTIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS from _____

A

parasympathetic ; internal carotid plexus

58
Q

Which ciliary nerves form post-synaptic para/sympathetic fibers to iris and cornea?

A

Short Ciliary Nerves

59
Q

Which ciliary nerves are post-synaptic fibers that act on dilator papillae

A

Long Ciliary Nerves

60
Q

The main artery for the eye? Where does it originate from?

A

Opthalmic a (internal carotid artery)

61
Q

What three arteries branch off of the ophthalmic artery?

A

1) Central retinal artery = supplies retina
2) Muscular branches = EO muscles
3) Ciliary arteries = choroid and ciliary plexus

62
Q

Label the arteries of the orbit

A
63
Q

What structure drains the vascular layer of the eye?

A

Vorticose

64
Q

Pupillary light reflex ensures that __ and ___ are responding properly

A

CN II (afferent)
CN III (efferent - parasympathetic)

65
Q

Bones of the ear are located in which region of the head?

A

Temporal Bone

66
Q

Label the external ear structures

A
67
Q

____: passage from the auricle to tympanic membrane; modified sweat gland; secretes cerumen

A

External Acoustic Meatus

68
Q

_____: separates external ear from middle ear

A

Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)

69
Q

____: external cartilaginous structure that receives sound

A

Auricle

70
Q

Label the external ear structures

A
71
Q

Label borders of the inner ear

A
72
Q

Which middle ear structure separates the external acoustic meatus from the tympanic cavity?

A

Lateral wall (Tympanic Membrane)

73
Q

____: vertical wall that separate inner ear from tympanic cavity

A

Bony Labyrinth (Medial Wall)

74
Q

_____: contains branch of CN IX. Carries sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nerve fibers; provide innervation to middle ear and parotid gland via otic ganglion

A

Tympanic Plexus

75
Q

_____: a structure of the middle ear that is covered by footplate of stapes and transmits vibrations from stapes to perilymph of vestibule

A

Oval Window

76
Q

If ____, a structure of the middle ear was not present, perilymph would be incompressible

A

Round window

77
Q

Label temporal arteries

A
78
Q

The (anterior wall) carotid wall contains what two structures?

A

1) Pharyngotympanic Tube: Important fr draining and equalizing pressure
2) Tensor Tympani Muscle: attaches from bony tube to handle of malleus

79
Q

Label the auditory bones

A
80
Q

The head, neck, and handle of the malleus is embedded in the _____ and the ____ muscle inserts here, helps to stabilize and dampen membrane

A

tympanic membrane; tensor tympani muscle

81
Q

The Incus is composed of ___, ___ /___

A

body; short/long crus

82
Q

Which muscle tenses the tympanic membrane to dampen loud sound and is innervated by V3 (of CN 5)?

A

Tensor Tympani Muscle

83
Q

Label the structures of the tympanic cavity:

A
84
Q

What are the three auditory bones that span from tympanic membrane to oval window, transmitting vibrations from tympanic membrane by pushing oval window to produce wavs in the perilymph?

A

1) Malleus
2) Incus
3) Stapes

85
Q

Which auditory muscle contracts, dampening sound by stabilizing incus footplate on oval window and is innervate by motor fiber by Facial nerve?

A

Stapedius Muscle

86
Q

Label the structure of the Bony Labyrinth (medial wall)

A
87
Q

Oval window is the superior opening while ___ is the inferior opening of the Medial Wall of the Tympanic Cavity

A

Round Window

88
Q
A
89
Q

Label the auditory bones

A
90
Q

Label the malleus

A
91
Q

Label the incus

A
92
Q

Label the stapeus

A
93
Q

Which cranial nerve inneravates the stapedius? Where does it go to?

A

Facial nerve
Stapes

94
Q

Label tympanic membrane cavity musculature

A
95
Q

What can cause ruptured tympanic membrane?

A

1) Foreign object
2) Changes in pressure

96
Q

True or False: The Outer Ear is important for hearing and balance

A

False - inner ear

97
Q

Label the structure of the Bony Labyrinth (Inner Ear)

A
98
Q

_____: passageway from the vestibule of inner ear towards cochlear apex

A

scala vestibuli

99
Q

____: apex, where the scala vestibule becomes scala tympani

A

Helicotrema

100
Q

____: fluid between bony and membrane labyrinth

A

Perilymph

101
Q

Main mechanism for perception of hearing and balance changes?

A

Movement of perilymph on endolymph fluids that bend hair cells

102
Q

_____ lies between two perilymph chambers

A

Membraneous Labyrinth

103
Q
A
104
Q

____: continuous with saccule, spiral structure within cochlea

A

Cochlear Duct

105
Q
A
106
Q
A
107
Q

What is found within the Membranous Labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

108
Q

Which cranial nerve enters the internal acoustic meatus, turns posteriorly at geniculum (where geniculate sensory ganglion are present) and travels within the medial then posterior wall of tymp membrane?

A

Facial nerve

109
Q

Which CN travels through the internal acoustic meatus to inner ear structures?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

110
Q

_____: Passage from the posterior cranial fossa through which the facial nerve and vestibulochoclear nerve travel via a canal within the petrosal part of temporal bone to inner ear

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

111
Q

Hearing is the multi-step process of converting ____ into ___ energy then into ____.

From here, the waves are translated via sensorineural impulse by stimulating ___ cells

A

sound waves (air vibrations); mechanical energy (auditory bones vibrating); sonar waves (fluid vibrations)

hair cells

112
Q

Stimulation of hair cells converts ____ into ___ signals and ___ impulses

A

mechanical; chemical signals; neuronal impulses

113
Q

In the first step of hearing, the ___ receives the sound wave, which travels through the _____ and air vibrates against tympanic membrane

A

auricle; external acoustic meatus

114
Q

In the second step of hearing, ____ membrane vibrates (converting sound waves into mechanical) by the vibration of: ___, ____, and ____ onto the oval window

A

tympanic membrane; malleus, incus, stapes

115
Q

In the third step of hearing, there are vibrations on the ____ - translates into sonar waves (fluid vibrations) by pushing perilymph through vestibule

A

oval window

116
Q

Sonar waves travel through the ___, toward inner apex, wrap around apex, the ___, toward round window, and travel out from the apex

A

cochlea; helicotrema

117
Q

In the last stage of hearing, the ____ waves of the perilymph chambers propagate and vibrate _____, which in turn vibrates hair cells sitting in membrane.

As hair cells bend, they release chemical signals that create ____, which is picked up by CN VIII

A

sonar; basilar membrane; neuronal impulses

118
Q

Hair cells closer to entrance of cochlea pick up ___ frequency while those deeper in the cochlea pick up ____ frequency

A

higher; lower

119
Q

What is the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Conductive hearing loss involves: problem converting sound waves TO sonar waves from external ear to perilymph vibrations; from oval to round window

Sensorineural hearing los: nerve damage, relating to VC nerve and branches within inner ear; usually permanent; can improve with cochlear implants; cam also be caused by loss of hair cells

120
Q

____: structure in the vestibular system that detect movement along vertical plane (up and down)

A

Saccule

121
Q

_____: structure in the vestibular system that detect movement within horizontal plane

A

Utricle

122
Q

_______: structure in vestibular system that detects rotational movements along x,y, and z axes

A

Semicircular canals

123
Q

Lower frequencies near ____; higher frequencies near ____base

A

Helicotrema

124
Q

Sound waves propagating through the ____

Vibrate the ____, in turn, vibrate hair cells

Hair cell tips connected to _____

As hair bends, release chemical signal to nerve to initiate impulse to brain

A

scala tympani
basilar membrane
tectorial membrane

125
Q
A
126
Q
A
127
Q

What are the four modifiers that aid in converting sound to mech energy

A
128
Q

When mechanical energy is converted to sonar energy:

____ vibrates oval window and propagates perilymph sonar waves

Sonar waves travel to ___

Round window balances ___

A

stapes
cochlea
oval window

129
Q

The scala vestibuli contain perilymph from ____ while the scala tympani takes perilymph to ____

Cochlear Duct contains ___

A

vestibule; round window

endolymph

Anatomy (28 decks)

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