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Anatomy > Lecture 7: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The cranial/spinal nerve branches, as well as the ganglia, belong to which part of the nervous system?

A

PNS

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2
Q

Are Multipolar neurons motor or sensory neurons?

Are Pseudounipolar neurons motor or sensory neurons?

A

Multipolar = motor

Pseudounipolar = sensory

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3
Q

What are the cell bodies in the CNS known as? How do they connect to one another?

A

nuclei; via tracts

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4
Q

What are the cell bodies in the PNS known as? How do they they connect to one another?

A

Ganglia; via nerves

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5
Q

True or False: Glial cells are non-excitable

A

True

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6
Q

What are glial cells in the CNS are known as?

What are the glial cells in the ganglia known as?

A

Astrocytes
Satellite cells

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7
Q

_____ are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS)

Where are Schwann Cells located?

A

Oligodendrites

PNS

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8
Q

Role of microglia?

A

Immune defense

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9
Q

Which cells are important for CSF production?

A

Ependymal cells

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10
Q

Each axon is covered by what type of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

Axons are bundled into ____

A

fascicles

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12
Q

A nerve contains many
fascicles, bundled together with
____ tissue & ____ vessels

A

adipose; blood

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What type of neurons are found in dorsal root ganglia?

A

Somatic sensory neurons (pseudounipolar)

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15
Q

What type of ganglia is located in the autonomic?

A

Sympathetic ganglia
Parasympathetic ganglia

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16
Q

The spinal cord is an extension of the _____

A

medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end at?

A

foramen magnum/C1 to between L1-L2

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What are the two prominent enlargements
separated by the thoracic region?

A

Cervical and Lumbar enlargements

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20
Q

______is the tapered end of the spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

In an average adult, the spinal cord ends at __or__.

In an embryo, the spinal cord ends at ___

A

L1/L2

C1-ish

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23
Q

Which structure is filled with CSF?
A. Filum Terminale
B. Conus medullaris
C. Lumbar Cistern

A

C. Lumbar Cistern

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24
Q

____ is an enlargement of subarachnoid space between L2-S2 vertebrate AND site of lumbar punctures

A

Lumbar Cistern

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25
Q

True or False: Nerves of cauda equina ’float’ in CSF

A

True

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26
Q

Lumbar puncture is done between which two vertebrate?

A

L3 and L4

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

Which artery is found within the Anterior Longitudinal Fissure?

A

Anterior Spinal Artery

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29
Q

Which arteries are found in the Posterolateral Sulci?

A

Posterior spinal arteries

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30
Q

The Posterior Median Fissure contains which vein?

A

Posterior Spinal Vein

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31
Q

True or False: In the spinal cord, the core is composed of grey matter that is surrounded by white matter

A

True

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32
Q

Gray matter is ____ while white matter is myelinated ____ and ____

A

neuronal cell bodies; axons/glial cells

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33
Q

Label these sulci and grooves:

Word Bank
-Anterior Median Fissure
-Central Canal
-Posterior Median Sulcus
-Posterolateral Sulci

A
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34
Q

True or False: The Central Canal contains CSF in infants but is closed in adults

A

True

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35
Q

Label these white matter structures:

Word Bank
- Anterior Funiculi
-Anterior Commisure
-Posterior Funiculus
-Left Lateral Funiculus

A
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36
Q

Label these gray matter structures:

Word Bank
- Dorsal Horn
- Lateral Horn
- Ventral Horn
- Gray Commisure

A
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37
Q

What levels of the spinal cord are the lateral horns present at?

A

T1-L2 and S2-S4

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38
Q

True or False: The vertebral column contains a vertebral canal and provides structural support & physical protection

A

True

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39
Q

What three contents does the vertebral canal contain?

A

1) Adipose Tissue
2) Vasculature
3) Meninges (fibrous layers)

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40
Q

Label the three meninges:

A
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41
Q

Which meninges is continuous with the
cranial dura?

A

Dura Mater

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42
Q

____ is the theoretical space between dura &
vertebral wall; can be exploited to target
anesthesia to specific spinal nerves

A

Epidural Space

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43
Q

True or False: The Epidural Space contains adipose tissue & the
internal vertebral plexuses

A

True

44
Q

True or False: You puncture the dura mater during a lumbar puncture but not during epidural anesthesia

A

True

45
Q

The Arachnoid mater connects the outer dura with the inner pia mater via the ______

A

arachnoid trabeculae

46
Q

The ____ space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater

A

Subarachnoid Space

47
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

48
Q

____: a potential space that lies between the dura and arachnoid

A

Subdural Space

49
Q
A
50
Q

Which meninges is the innermost layer that encases
the spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

51
Q

_____ are the modified teeth-like folds of pia project outwards, between where
the spinal nerve roots arise

A

Denticulate Ligaments

52
Q

_____is a narrow thread of pia extending from the base of the conus medularis to
anchor the inferior end of the spinal cord to the first segment of the coccyx

A

filum terminaleis

53
Q

What two structures act as harnesses that anchor the spinal cord in place?

A

filum terminale; denticulate
ligaments

54
Q
A
55
Q

True or False: There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves,
all of which contain both motor & sensory fibers

A

True

56
Q

What are the two roles of spinal nerves?

A

1) Deliver sensory information to the
spinal cord

2) Sends motor signals to effector organs

57
Q

Label this spinal nerve:

A
58
Q

What type of neurons are present in the dorsal root ganglia?
A. Motor neurons
B. Sensory neurons

A

Sensory neurons

59
Q

Where are pseudounipolar cells located?

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia

60
Q

Afferent fibers exit a ganglion via _____ and synapse in the ___ of the spinal cord

A

dorsal rootlets; dorsal horn

61
Q
A
62
Q

The ventral horns contain the cell bodies of _______ neurons

A

somatic motor neurons

63
Q

The efferent neurons exit the spinal cord as ___ and unite to form the ____

A

ventral rootlets; ventral root

64
Q

The pre-ganglionic visceromotor fibers exit via the ______

A

ventral rootlets

65
Q

Label this visceromotor fiber

A
66
Q

Pre-ganglionic fibers from the lateral horn join the spinal nerve via the ____
A. chain ganglia
B. visceromotor fibers
C. ventral root

A

C. ventral root

67
Q

Rami communicans travel via ___ rami communicans to chain ganglia (T1-L2)

A

white

68
Q

Rami communicans synapse with ______ neurons

A

post-ganglionic visceromotor neurons

69
Q

Postganglionic fibers pass via ____ rami communicans back to the spinal nerve
A. white
B. grey

A

B. grey

70
Q

Postganglionic fibers pass via ____ rami communicans back to the spinal nerve
A. white
B. grey

A

B. grey

71
Q

Spinal nerves divide into two branches: the ____ rami and the ____ rami

A

Dorsal Rami and the Ventral Rami

72
Q

____ Rami distribute signals to and from the deep muscles and skin of the back

____ Rami branch and interconnects to form plexuses

A

Dorsal Rami
Ventral Rami

73
Q

True or False: Ventral rami in the thoracic region form intercostal and thoracoabdominal nerves

A

True

74
Q
A
75
Q

What are the four nerve plexuses?

A

1) Cervical Plexus
2) Brachial Plexus
3) Lumbar Plexus
4) Sacral Plexus

76
Q

The Cervical Plexus corresponds to the C_-C_ anterior rami

A

C1-C5

77
Q

Which nerve plexus innervates:
-Posterior head
-Some neck muscles
-Diaphragm

A

Cervical Plexus

78
Q

C5-T1 is associated with which nerve plexus?

A

Brachial Plexus

79
Q

Which nerve plexus innervates the shoulder, axilla, and upper limb?

A

Brachial Plexus

80
Q

Which nerve plexus innervates abdomen, pelvic region, and anterior/medial thigh?

A

Lumbar Plexus

81
Q

Which nerve plexus is associated with L1-4?

A

Lumbar Plexus

82
Q

Which plexus corresponds to L4-S4 and innervates pelvic, gluteal, thigh, and leg/foot region?

A

Sacral Plexus

83
Q

Which rami do NOT form a plexus?

A

Thoracic ventral rami
(T1-T12)

84
Q

T1 divdes into two branches: the largest branch to the ____ and the smallest branch to the _____

A

large branch = brachial plexus

small branch = 1st intercostal nerve

85
Q

____ forms 2nd to 6th intercostal nerves

____forms thoracoabdominal nerves

_____ forms the subcostal nerve

A. T7-T11
B. T2-T6
C. T12
D. T11

A

T2-T6: forms 2nd to 6th intercostal nerves

T7-T11: forms thoracoabdominal nerves

T12 forms the subcostal nerve

86
Q

___ spinal nerve pairs from ___ spinal cord segments

A

31

87
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

Vertebral column - between the vertebrate

88
Q

Which spinal nerves exit above named vertebrate?

Which spinal nerves emerge below named vertebrate

A

Cervical spinal nerves

All other spinal nerves

89
Q

Label the sacral spinal nerves

Word Box
- Dorsal Ramus
- Posterior sacral foramen
- Anterior sacral foramen
- Ventral Ramus

A
90
Q

True or False: Nerves T1 co-emerge inferior to pedicles of their respective vertebrate

A

True

91
Q

The area of skin a single spinal nerve innervates is a ______

The muscle a single spinal nerve innervates is a ____

A

dermatome
myotome

92
Q
A
93
Q

True or False: Dermatomes can be assessed by testing skin sensation and numbness may indicate spinal nerve damage

A

True

94
Q

True or False: Myotomes can be assessed by testing the action of muscles and weakness in a muscle group may indicate damage to a specific nerve

A

True

95
Q

____ is the longitudinal band of pia in the anterior median fissure; acts as a sheath for anterior spinal artery

A

Linea splendens

96
Q

____connects the nuclei of the CNS and contains mostly myelinated axons and glial cells

A

Nerve tracts

97
Q

Anterior white commissure is deep to ____

A

anterior median fissure

98
Q

Ventral Horns contain cell bodies from what type of neurons?

A

Motor neurons

99
Q

___ horns contain proximal axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies from interneurons

A

Dorsal Horns

100
Q

The lateral horns contain cell bodies from ______ neurons

A

Sympathetic

101
Q

____ is a remnant of the neural tube and passes centrally along the length of the spinal cord within the gray commissure

A

Central canal

102
Q

Spinal nerve root projections from __onward

A

L2

103
Q

_____:~3 mm deep anterior groove running along the length of the spinal cord, lined by the linea splendens

A

Anterior median fissure

104
Q

____: Longitudinal grooves on posterolateral surface, which contains right and left posterior spinal arteries

A

Posterolateral sulci

105
Q

Posterior spinal arteries anastomose with
the anterior spinal artery forming a vascular
plexus around the spinal cord called the _____

A

vasocorona

106
Q

_____: Longitudinal groove along posterior surface, which contains posterior spinal vein

A

Posterior median sulcus

Anatomy (28 decks)

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