4- Mechanisms and mediators of acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 signs of acute inflammation

A

Redness
swelling
pain
heat
loss of function

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2
Q

Causes of acute inflammation

A

Infection, trauma, physical and chemical agents, necrosis, foreign bodies, immune reactions

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3
Q

3 morphological hallmarks of acute inflammation

A

Dilation of blood vessels
Activation & Recruitment of leukocytes

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4
Q

6 Rs of acute inflammation (steps)

A

Recognition of the injurious agent
Reaction of blood vessels
Recruitment of leukocytes
Removal of the agent
Regulation of the response
Repair

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5
Q

Name 3 mediators in acute inflammation

A

Vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin)
Inflammatory lipids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
Complements - C5a, C3a
Cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IL-6)

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6
Q

Which mediators cause vasodilation

A

leukotrienes and prostaglandin

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7
Q

3 outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Resolution, Fibrosis (scaring), Chronic inflammation

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8
Q

What mediator causes pyrexia in acute inflammation?

A

PGE2- prostaglandin

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9
Q

Which mediator triggers pain in acute inflammation

A

Inflammatory lipids

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10
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

A

Proteins that are synthesized by the liver in response to infection, illness, and tissue injury. The proteins enhance the inflammatory response, and aid the innate immune system in defense against pathogens.

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11
Q

Name 2 positive Acute phase proteins (increase in response to inflammation)

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)
Serum amyloid A (SAA)
Fibrinogen
Complement (C3,C4)

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12
Q

Name 2 negative acute phase proteins (decrease in response to inflammation)

A

Albumin
Transferrin
Transthyretin
Retinol-binding protein

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13
Q

Define transudates

A

Extravascular filtrate of protein and cell fluid

Fluid moves from intra to extra due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloids-osmotic pressure (or both)

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14
Q

What is a biomarker

A

a biological molecule that is objectively measured and is an indicator of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease.

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15
Q

What could cause an increased hydrostatic pressure? (Increased amount of blood moving out via pores)

A

Congestive heart failure

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16
Q

Define exudates

A

An extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration & can contain leucocytes

17
Q

Acute inflammation is classified by types of exudates. Name 2 of the 4 types.

A

Serous (low conc of plasma protein & low leucocytes)
Fibrinous (fibrinogen)
Purulent (pus)
Haemorrhagic (vascular damage)

18
Q

What is serous inflammation

A

Inflammation with exudation of fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and no to low numbers of leukocytes

19
Q

What is fibrinous inflammation

A

Inflammation with exudation of fibrinogen and fluid, and formation of thick, friable, loosely adherent fibrin

20
Q

What is purulent inflammation

A

Inflammation with production of pus, viscous to creamy liquid, an exudate consisting of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris and fluid. It is typically associated to bacterial infections

21
Q

What is haemorrhagic inflammation

A

Inflammation with vascular damage, loss of integrity of endothelium and/or extensive tissue necrosis, with leakage of red blood cells. This type of acute inflammation reflects a severe inciting stimulus

22
Q

How is chronic inflammation caused

A

Unresolved inflammatory process due to either the persistence of the injurious agent or some interference with the normal process of healing