4- Intro to pathology

Question 1

Define pathology

Answer 1

The study of disease
‘Structural, biochemical, functional changes in cells, tissues & organs that underlie disease’

Question 2

Define anatomic pathology

Answer 2

Anatomic = exam of tissues taken during life (biopsy) or after death (autopsy) - examines nature & extent of the disease process

Question 3

What are the 4 aspects of disease

Answer 3

Aetiology
Pathogenesis
Molecular and morphologic changes
Clinical manifestation

Question 4

List 3 criteria you need to follow to describe any lesion

Answer 4

Location
Number
Demarcation (can you tell it apart from normal tissue)
Distribution
Colour
Size
Shape
Consistency & texture

Question 5

Clinical pathologic diagnosis

Answer 5

based on changes observed in biochemistry, hematology, and cytology

Question 6

What is a biopsy

Answer 6

Removal and examination of a tissue sample from a living animal body for diagnostic purposes

Question 7

What is a necropsy

Answer 7

Methodical examination of the dead animal

Question 8

What is a morphologic diagnosis

Answer 8

Based on what is SEEN; the predominant lesion(s) in the tissue(s)
Both:
→ macroscopic (gross)
→ microscopic (histologic)

Question 9

What are post-mortem changes? Name one?

Answer 9

Things we see in the post-mortem that are not pathological lessons
Occur due to cessation of normal bodily fluids

Autolysis
Putrefaction
Rigor morits

Question 10

Rigor mortis occurs because ________.

Answer 10

Depletion of ATP & glycogen
- ATP is required to release the attached actin and myosin molecules

Question 11

Define livor mortis

Answer 11

Gravitational pooling of blood to the downside of the animal

Question 12

Define post-mortem clotting

Answer 12

Interaction of platelets & clotting factors
- don’t adhere to vessel walls

Question 13

Haemoglobin imbibition

Answer 13

The post-mortem staining of tissues or organs with haemoglobin pigment.

Red staining

Question 14

Bile imbibition

Answer 14

Yellow followed by green staining of the liver and any intestines in contact with the gallbladder; occurs within hours after death.

Question 15

Define pseudomelanosis

Answer 15

Blue-green dislocation of tissues by iron sulphide

• formed by the reaction of hydrogen sulphide generated by bacteria & iron from haemoglobin released for lysed RBC

Question 16

Define clinical pathology

Answer 16

Exam of blood/bodily fluids swell as cells during life.
- lab diagnostics

Question 17

Define inflammation

Answer 17

Vascular and interstitial tissue changes that develop in response to tissue injury and that are designed to sequester, dilute, and destroy the causal agent

Question 18

Define healing

Answer 18

repair of injured tissue
involves angiogenesis, fibrosis and regeneration (epithelisation)

Question 19

Define thrombosis

Answer 19

Interaction of the blood coagulation system and platelets to form, within a vascular lumen, an aggregate of fibrin and platelets (= thrombus).

Question 20

Define necrosis

Answer 20

death of cells or tissues in the living animal

Question 21

Define clinical diagnosis

Answer 21

= Based on data obtained from the case history, clinical signs, and physical examination

Question 22

Define autolysis

Answer 22

changes due to “self-digestion”- occurs when cellular function sees an intracellular enzymes leak through cell membranes and cause self digestion.

Question 23

Define putrefraction

Answer 23

Colour and texture changes, gas production, and odours that are caused by post-mortem bacterial metabolism and dissolution of host tissues (post-mortem decomposition)