4- Mechanisms and mediators of acute inflammation

Question 1

Name 5 signs of acute inflammation

Answer 1

Redness
swelling
pain
heat
loss of function

Question 2

Causes of acute inflammation

Answer 2

Infection, trauma, physical and chemical agents, necrosis, foreign bodies, immune reactions

Question 3

3 morphological hallmarks of acute inflammation

Answer 3

Dilation of blood vessels
Activation & Recruitment of leukocytes

Question 4

6 Rs of acute inflammation (steps)

Answer 4

Recognition of the injurious agent
Reaction of blood vessels
Recruitment of leukocytes
Removal of the agent
Regulation of the response
Repair

Question 5

Name 3 mediators in acute inflammation

Answer 5

Vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin)
Inflammatory lipids (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
Complements - C5a, C3a
Cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IL-6)

Question 6

Which mediators cause vasodilation

Answer 6

leukotrienes and prostaglandin

Question 7

3 outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 7

Resolution, Fibrosis (scaring), Chronic inflammation

Question 8

What mediator causes pyrexia in acute inflammation?

Answer 8

PGE2- prostaglandin

Question 9

Which mediator triggers pain in acute inflammation

Answer 9

Inflammatory lipids

Question 10

What are acute phase proteins?

Answer 10

Proteins that are synthesized by the liver in response to infection, illness, and tissue injury. The proteins enhance the inflammatory response, and aid the innate immune system in defense against pathogens.

Question 11

Name 2 positive Acute phase proteins (increase in response to inflammation)

Answer 11

C-reactive protein (CRP)
Serum amyloid A (SAA)
Fibrinogen
Complement (C3,C4)

Question 12

Name 2 negative acute phase proteins (decrease in response to inflammation)

Answer 12

Albumin
Transferrin
Transthyretin
Retinol-binding protein

Question 13

Define transudates

Answer 13

Extravascular filtrate of protein and cell fluid

Fluid moves from intra to extra due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloids-osmotic pressure (or both)

Question 14

What is a biomarker

Answer 14

a biological molecule that is objectively measured and is an indicator of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease.

Question 15

What could cause an increased hydrostatic pressure? (Increased amount of blood moving out via pores)

Answer 15

Congestive heart failure

Question 16

Define exudates

Answer 16

An extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration & can contain leucocytes

Question 17

Acute inflammation is classified by types of exudates. Name 2 of the 4 types.

Answer 17

Serous (low conc of plasma protein & low leucocytes)
Fibrinous (fibrinogen)
Purulent (pus)
Haemorrhagic (vascular damage)

Question 18

What is serous inflammation

Answer 18

Inflammation with exudation of fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and no to low numbers of leukocytes

Question 19

What is fibrinous inflammation

Answer 19

Inflammation with exudation of fibrinogen and fluid, and formation of thick, friable, loosely adherent fibrin

Question 20

What is purulent inflammation

Answer 20

Inflammation with production of pus, viscous to creamy liquid, an exudate consisting of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris and fluid. It is typically associated to bacterial infections

Question 21

What is haemorrhagic inflammation

Answer 21

Inflammation with vascular damage, loss of integrity of endothelium and/or extensive tissue necrosis, with leakage of red blood cells. This type of acute inflammation reflects a severe inciting stimulus

Question 22

How is chronic inflammation caused

Answer 22

Unresolved inflammatory process due to either the persistence of the injurious agent or some interference with the normal process of healing