4- Pathological changes seen with benign and metastic neoplastic disease Flashcards
Define intravasation
Cancer cells detach from the tumour mass and move into the blood stream
List the fundamentals for cancer spread
Localised invasion
Intravasation
Extravasation
Colonisation
List the 3 pathways for metasteses
Trans-coelomic
Lymphatic
Haematogenous
Describe Trans-coelomic spread
Cancers that arise on the surface of abdominal & thoracic structures
‘across the peritoneal cavity’
Describe Lymphatic spread
LN closest to the tumour is colonised earliest & develops largest tumour masses
Describe Haematogenous spread
Invade veins - via blood (ultimately enter the lungs and liver)
Direct effect of neoplasia
Space occupying - compresses other organs
What is cancer cachexia?
Weight loss and wasting of body fat and muscle tissue; profound weakness, anorexia, and anaemia
Altered carbs, protein & lipid metabolism
Indirect effects of cancer
Haematological, endocrinological and metabolic complications caused by cancer- mostly caused by the tumour products and not the physical tumour itself
What is myelofibrosis?
Overgrowth fibroblasts in the bone marrow which impairs normal haematopoiesis > Results in cytopenia (reduction of mature blood cells)
What is hypertonic pulmonary osteopathy
rapid periosteal new bone growth affecting distal limbs. Most commonly associated with lung tumours (primary or metastatic)
Name 2 paraneoplastic clinical syndromes
Myasthenia gravis (Thymoma)
Alopecia (pancreatic carcinoma)
Epidermal necrosis (pancreatic/hepatic tumours)
Vascular & haematological disorders
Exfoliative dermatitis
What are the major causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality
Invasion and metastasis
What happens with an endocrine neoplasm
functioning endocrine tumour
can cause conditions e.g. hypoglycaemia
