4- Pathological changes seen with benign and metastic neoplastic disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define intravasation

A

Cancer cells detach from the tumour mass and move into the blood stream

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2
Q

List the fundamentals for cancer spread

A

Localised invasion
Intravasation
Extravasation
Colonisation

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3
Q

List the 3 pathways for metasteses

A

Trans-coelomic
Lymphatic
Haematogenous

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4
Q

Describe Trans-coelomic spread

A

Cancers that arise on the surface of abdominal & thoracic structures

‘across the peritoneal cavity’

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5
Q

Describe Lymphatic spread

A

LN closest to the tumour is colonised earliest & develops largest tumour masses

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6
Q

Describe Haematogenous spread

A

Invade veins - via blood (ultimately enter the lungs and liver)

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7
Q

Direct effect of neoplasia

A

Space occupying - compresses other organs

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8
Q

What is cancer cachexia?

A

Weight loss and wasting of body fat and muscle tissue; profound weakness, anorexia, and anaemia

Altered carbs, protein & lipid metabolism

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9
Q

Indirect effects of cancer

A

Haematological, endocrinological and metabolic complications caused by cancer- mostly caused by the tumour products and not the physical tumour itself

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10
Q

What is myelofibrosis?

A

Overgrowth fibroblasts in the bone marrow which impairs normal haematopoiesis > Results in cytopenia (reduction of mature blood cells)

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11
Q

What is hypertonic pulmonary osteopathy

A

rapid periosteal new bone growth affecting distal limbs. Most commonly associated with lung tumours (primary or metastatic)

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12
Q

Name 2 paraneoplastic clinical syndromes

A

Myasthenia gravis (Thymoma)
Alopecia (pancreatic carcinoma)
Epidermal necrosis (pancreatic/hepatic tumours)
Vascular & haematological disorders
Exfoliative dermatitis

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13
Q

What are the major causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality

A

Invasion and metastasis

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14
Q

What happens with an endocrine neoplasm

A

functioning endocrine tumour
can cause conditions e.g. hypoglycaemia

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