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FINALS - CARDIO > Blood pressure disorders > Flashcards

Blood pressure disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what defines hypertension

A

> 140/90 // 24hr >135/85 (ABPM - recommended)

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2
Q

what symptoms may appear with sevre hypertension >180 systolic or >120 diastolic

A

headaches, visual disturbance, seizures –> refer to specialist

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3
Q

what other tests are done following HTN diagnosis

A

U+E, HbA1c, lipids, urine, ECG, fundoscopy

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3
Q

what other tests are done following HTN diagnosis

A

U+E, HbA1c, lipids, urine, ECG, fundoscopy

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4
Q

when is ABPM or HBPM offered

A

following a BP of 140/90 (should measure both arms)

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5
Q

how is ABPM monitered

A

2 measurements per hour in a waking day

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6
Q

what is stage 1 hypertension

A

clinical BP >140/90 + HBPM >135/85

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7
Q

what is stage 2 hypertension

A

clinical BP >160/100 + HBPM >150/95

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8
Q

what is severe hypertension

A

clinical systolic > 180 or diastolic >120

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9
Q

how is HBPM done

A

take 3 readings in one sitting // twice daily // for 4 - 7 days // discard first day and average out the others

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10
Q

when should treatment be considered in HTN

A

if stage 1: 80+ + end organ damage or CVD 10 yr risk >10% // all stage 2 + 3

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11
Q

lifestyle advice mx for HTN

A

low salt (<6g a day) // low caffeine // stop smoking

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12
Q

1st line mx HTN in patient <55 or T2DM

A

ACEi (or ARB if cough)

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13
Q

2nd line mx HTN in patient <55 or T2DM

A

add a CCB or (thiazide diuretic) eg A + C or A + D

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14
Q

1st line mx HTN patients 55+ or black

A

CCB

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15
Q

2nd line mx HTN patients 55+ or black

A

add on an ACEi/ARB OR a diuretic eg C + A or C + D

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16
Q

3rd line HTN mx in all patients

A

triple therapy eg A + C +D

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17
Q

4th line mx for all HTN patients

A

K <4.5 = spironolactone // K > 4.5 = alpha or beta blocker

18
Q

BP aim in patients 80+

A

150/90 or ABMP 145/85

19
Q

BP aim in T2DM

A

140/90

20
Q

BP aim in T1DM

A

135/85 (or albuminuria 130-80)

21
Q

what drug is 1st line for HTN in diabetic patients regardless of age

A

ACEi or (ARBs in black diabetic patients)

22
Q

who commonly gets orthostatic hypotension

A

older people, parkinsons, diabetes!, hypertension

23
Q

what drug can commonly cause orthostatic hypotension

A

alpha blockers

24
Q

invx orthostatic/ postural hypotension

A

drop in BP >20s (or >10d) within 3 minutes of standing

25
Q

mx orthostatic hypotension

A

increase salt + fluid // midodrine and fludrocortisone

26
Q

what is syncope

A

transient LOC from cerebral hypoperfusion –> rapid onset –> short duration –> complete recovery

27
Q

3 categories of syncope

A

reflex: vasovagal, situational, carotid sinus // orthrostatic: parkinsons, drugs, low BP // cardiac: arrhythmia, structural, PE

28
Q

inheritance familial hypercholesterolaemia

A

autosomal dominant

29
Q

mutation in familial hypercholesterolaemia

A

gene for LDL receptor protein –> high levels of LDL

30
Q

when should familial hypercholesterolaemia be considered

A

cholesterol >7.5 OR FH of premature CVD (under 60)

31
Q

when should children of familial hypercholesterolaemia be testes

A

1 parent = age 10 // 2 parents = age 5

32
Q

which criteria diagnoses familial hypercholesterolaemia

A

simon broome criteria

33
Q

mx familial hypercholesterolaemia

A

1st line = high dose statin

34
Q

aside from high cholesterol what additional criteria needs to be met for diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia

A

tendon xanthoma in 1st/ 2nd degree relative or FH of genetics

35
Q

what is xanthoma + xanthelasma

A

yellow plaques from cholesterol/ lipid deposits // xanthelasma on the eyes

36
Q

mx xanthelasma

A

surgery // topical trichloroacetic acid // laser therapy // electro removal

37
Q

what criteria is used to determine someones 10 year risk of CVD

A

QRISK2

38
Q

how is hyperlipidaemia diagnosed

A

cholesterol + HDL (>7.5)

39
Q

1st line mx of primary prevention hyperlipidaemia

A

20mg atorvastatin

40
Q

what disease may a statin be considered in all adult patients

A

T1DM + CKD

41
Q

statin dose for secondary prevention of CVD

A

80mg atorvastatin (max dose)

42
Q

what additional treatment can be offered in hyperlipidaemia + SE

A

nicotonic acid –> flushing + impaired glucose tolerance

43
Q

when is ezetimibe indicated

A

primary heterozygous hypercholesterolaemia (mono therapy or + statin)

FINALS - CARDIO (17 decks)

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