PhotosynthesisAndRespiration

Question 1

Where does the Light Dependent reaction takes place?

Answer 1

Light dependent reaction occur in THYLAKOID MEMBRANE of chloroplast.

Question 2

Give the structure of Chloroplast

Answer 2

[STROMA]

[THYLAKOID MEMBRANE]

[THYLAKOID SPACE]

Question 3

What are the stages of Light Dependent Reaction?

Answer 3

1.Photoionisation of Chlorophyll+Photolysis of water
2.Chemiosmosis(ATP Production)
3.Reduced NADP production.

Question 4

What is the first OF the first that’s occurs in light dependent reaction?

Answer 4

1.Light hits Thylakoid Membrane and passes down photosystem2. Energy from light(sun) EXCITES electron as more energy therefore electrons rises to HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL.

Question 5

When electrons rise to a higher energy level and chlorophyll loose electrons what is it called?
What occurs because of this?

Answer 5

When electrons rise to a higher energy level electrons in chlorophyll become PHOTOIONIZED(Oxidized loose electron)

Photolysis occurs: H20→ 1.5O2+2H+ +2E-
Electrons absorbed by chlorophyll.

Question 6

Where does electron travel after rising to a higher energy level?
What is the process called its part of?

Answer 6

The process is called Chemiosmosis(ATP production)

Electrons go through ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN as this happens electron loose energy
H+ Ions be Pumped through to THYLAKOID SPACE.

Question 7

How is ATP produced?
What is the process called?

Answer 7

The process is called Chemiosmosis(ATP Production)
When H+ ions be pumped through to Thylakoid space
This creates a PROTON gradient which generates PROTON MOTIVE FORCE so protons pumped through into ATP Synthase
ADP+Pi → ATP ADP and Pi combine.

Question 8

How is Reduced NADP Produced?

Answer 8

After electrons travel through ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Light strikes Photosystem1 electrons move up Photosystem1 directly reducing NADP+ +e-→NADP

Question 9

In light dependent reaction where are the H+ at?

Answer 9

H+ is in Thylakoid Space

Question 10

Where does a Light independent take place?
What is another name for light independent reaction?

Answer 10

Light independent reaction occur in stroma
Another name for light independent is Calvin cycle

Question 11

What enzymes involved in Light independent reaction?

Answer 11

Enzyme Rubisco is involved in Light independent reaction.

Question 12

Give the steps of Light independent reaction.

Answer 12

1.Carbon Dioxide and RIBULOSE BiPhosphate combine.
2.A 6carbon Molecule is formed which is SPLIT and its catalysed by enzyme Rubisco to form 2Xglycerate-3-phosphate
3.2Xglycerate-3-phosphate is reduced by ATP and Reduced NADP to form 2Xtriose Phosphate.

Question 13

How many carbons is presented in RibuloseBiphosphate
In glycerate-3-phosphate and in triose phosphate?

Answer 13

In ribulose Biphosphate there are 5carbons
In glycerate-3-phosphate there is 3carbons however there is x2
In triose phosphate there is 3carbons however there is x2

Question 14

In light independent reaction where is carbon dioxide formed?

Answer 14

Carbon Dioxide is produced from Krebs Cycle.

Question 15

What are the two routes triose phosphate can go through?

Answer 15

1.one route triose phosphate go throug is producing organic molecules cellulose, converted into glycerol or combine with fatty acids to produce lipids
2.Recycled to produce RIBULOSE Biphosphate

Question 16

What are all the stages in Anaerobic Respiration?

Answer 16

1.Glycolysis
2.Anaerobic Respiration

Question 17

What are all the stages in Aerobic respiration?

Answer 17

1.Glycolysis.
2.Link reaction to Krebs cycle.
3.Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 18

What stages occurs both in Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration?

Answer 18

Glycolysis

Question 19

Where does Glycolysis occurs?
What is Glycolysis?

Answer 19

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis splitting of glucose.

Question 20

What is the first thing that occurs in Glycolysis?

Answer 20

Glucose gets phosphorylated.
Phosphorylation happens twice.
2X ATP→2X ADP+Pi
Glucose Phosphate is formed.

Question 21

After glucose phosphate is formed in Glycolysis how is Pyruvate formed?
Include number of carbons.

Answer 21

Glucose phosphate(6c) splits to form 2Xtriose phosphate.
Triose phosphate is then oxidised(oxidation occurs) to Form two pyruvate.

Question 22

For triose phosphate to be oxidised to two pyruvate what is required?

Answer 22

From triose phosphate to pyruvate requires conversions of 4XADP into 4XATP. Phosphate from TriosePhosphate gets transferred to ATP and gets phosphorylated.

Question 23

What are the (main) products of Glycolysis?

Answer 23

2xPyruvate.
2xNADH
2xNet ATP

Question 24

How does Oxidation occur in Glycolysis?
When does it occur?

Answer 24

Occurs when (2x)Triose Phosphate turns into (2x)Pyruvate.
Oxidation occurs and works by Reducing 2molecules of NAD+→NADH

Question 25

What happens to the pyruvate in anaerobic respiration in plants and microbes?

Answer 25

Pyruvate in fermented into ethanol.
NADH→NAD+

Question 26

What happens to the Pyruvate in aerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 26

Pyruvate gets converted into Lactate/Lactic Acid

Question 27

In Anaerobic respiration what happens to the Reduced NAD(H)?
How is NAD+ regenerated?

Answer 27

Reduced NAD(H) gets re-oxidized to NAD+ so it can re-enter Glycolysis so it can oxidize triose Phosphate to pyruvate.
NAD+ is regenerated when Reduced NAD converted to Pyruvate to ethanol.

Question 28

Where does the Link reaction take place in/occur in?
How does Pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 28

Takes place in the mitochondrial Matrix
Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix by active transport.

Question 29

Why does the Link reaction occur?
How is pyruvate converted into Acetate?

Answer 29

Link reaction occur due to pyruvate can’t enter Krebs cycle so has to be converted to AcetylCoenzymeA.
Pyruvate gets oxidised-NAD+ Reduced to NADH- CO2 released to form Acetate.

Question 30

How does Acetate enter the Krebs cycle?

Answer 30

Acetate(2C) addition of Co-EnzymeA to form AcetylCo-Enzyme A.
Co-enzymeA then dissociates to allow acetate to enter Krebs cycle.

Question 31

How much times does Krebs cycle occur?

Answer 31

Krebs cycle occurs twice.
[so product you multiply by two]

Question 32

Describe how citrate is formed in Krebs cycle?
Include number of carbons.

Answer 32

OxAloAcetate(4C) combines with Acetate to form AcetylCoenzymeA.
Then the release of CoEnzymeA to form Citrate(6C)

Question 33

After Citrate is made how is oxoAloAcetate reformed?

Answer 33

[DENAR DENAR A FAR NAR]
DE=CO2 released.
NAR=NAD+ reduced to NADH
A=Substate level Phosphorylation. ADP+Pi→ATP
FAR=FAD reduced to FADH2

Question 34

What are the overall products in Krebs cycle?

Answer 34

As Krebs cycle occurs twice:
1ATP X 2=2ATP
3NADH X 2=6NADH
1FADH2 X 2= 2FADH2
2CO2 X 2=4CO2

Question 35

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation takes place?

Answer 35

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the Inner Mitochondrial Matrix.

Question 36

Describe the structure where oxidative Phosphorylation takes place?

Answer 36

[Inner Membrane Space]

[Inner Mitochondrial Membrane]

[Mitochondrial Matrix]

Question 37

In oxidative Phosphorylation where do the H+ and e- come from?

Answer 37

The H+ and the e- come from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2(from Krebs cycle)
NADH→H+ +e- +(NAD+) [NADH oxidised]
FADH2→2H+ +2e- +(FAD+) [FADH2 oxidised]

Question 38

What is the first thing that occurs in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 38

Electrons pass down a series of Electron Transport Proteins.
Released energy used to prompt protons produced by Oxidation through inner mitochondrial membrane into Inner membrane space.

Question 39

How is water produced in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 39

e- +O2→H20
Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor.
(Occurs after electron passes through electron transport protein)

Question 40

How is ATP produced in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 40

When H+ prompted through inner mitochondrial membrane into Inner Membrane space(↑) creates a proton motive force generating a proton motive force encourages H+ to diffuse into ATP synthase rotating it.
Combining ADP+Pi→ATP