Chapter 11

Question 1

Triple Alliance?

Answer 1

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Central Powers

Question 2

Triple Entente?

Answer 2

France, Russia, Britain
Allies

Question 3

entente

Answer 3

nonbinding agreement to follow common policies

Question 4

militarism

Answer 4

glorification of military

Question 5

Pan-Slavism and what country it affected?

Answer 5

idea that all Slavic ppl shared a common nationality
As largest Slavic country, Russia felt it had a duty to all Slavs

Question 6

Why were the Balkans called the powder keg of Europe?

Answer 6

In the Balkan Wars, several Balkan nations attacked Turkey and took land
Then, the Balkan states fought each other over the aforementioned land

Question 7

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Answer 7

Austria-Hungary
nephew and heir to Emperor Francis Joseph
his assassination in Sarajevo set off WWI

Question 8

Unity or Death (aka the Black Hand)

Answer 8

Serbian terrorist group
vowed to take action against Archduke Ferdinand

Question 9

Gavrilo Princip

Answer 9

shot Archduke Ferdinand + wife

Question 10

Kaiser William II ?

Answer 10

German ruler at start of war

Question 11

terms of ultimatum sent to Serbia from Austria-Hungary

Answer 11

End all anti-Austrian agitation
Punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot
Let Austria join the investigation of the murder plot

Question 12

Tsar Nicholas II

Answer 12

Russian ruler at start of war

Question 13

Alfred von Schlieffen

Answer 13

German general

came up with Schlieffen plan
invade Belgium, then France
then deal with Russia, who take a long time to mobilize

Question 14

new technology

Answer 14

Machine Gun
Long-Range Artillery Guns
Poison Gas
Britain made the first armored tanks
Airplanes
Submarines (German U-boats)

Question 15

Evolution of air use in WWI

Answer 15

Planes were initially used to observe troop movements
Germany used zeppelins to bomb the English coast
Both sides started equipping airplanes with machine guns
Flying aces [pilots] fought in the sky, but this had little effect on the actual war

Question 16

convoys

Answer 16

groups of merchant ships protected by warships to defend against U boats

Question 17

Tannenberg?

Answer 17

Russia pushed into Germany, but retreated after defeat at Tannenberg
Russia was the least industrialized of the great powers
Russia never recovered from Tannenberg

Question 18

Balkan involvement in WWI

Answer 18

Bulgaria joined the Central Powers to help defeat its old rival, Serbia

Romania joined the Allies, but was crushed by the Central Powers
Romania wanted to gain some land in Hungary

Question 19

Italian involvement in WWI

Answer 19

Italy declared war on Austria and Germany
Allies signed a secret treaty that would give Italy Austrian lands inhabited by Italians
Austrians and Germans attacked Italian forces in Caporetto, and the Italians retreated
Further advance into Italy was stopped, by Britain and France

Question 20

Ottoman involvement in WWI

Answer 20

Turks cut of Allied supply lines thru the Dardanelles [strait connecting Black Sea and Mediterranean]
Allies started Battle of Gallipoli to try to open up the strait and they failed

Ottoman Empire fought Russia in the Caucasus
Ethnic Armenians in the Ottoman Empire helped the Russians

Arab nationalists revolted against the Ottoman Empire
British government sent Colonel T. E. Lawrence aka Lawrence of Arabia to support the revolt
Ottoman Empire lost a lot of territory to Arabs, including Baghdad

Question 21

Turnip winter and why?

Answer 21

British navy blockaded the North Sea to prevent supplies to Germany
Against international law, which forbade blockade of food/clothing
Winter of 1917 was called the “turnip winter” bc potato crop failed

Question 22

Lusitania + effects?

Answer 22

U-boat torpedoed Lusitania [British liner] with excuse that they were carrying weapons
President Woodrow Wilson threatened to cut off diplomatic relations, so Germany agreed to give a warning and allow neutral passengers to escape when attacking

Question 23

women’s involvement in WWI

Answer 23

Women took over the jobs of men to keep economies going
Women took part in war industries
Some joined women’s branches of armed forces
Women’s Land Army went to the fields went food shortages occurred
Gave women pride and confidence; helped with suffrage

Question 24

Why did US join Allies?

Answer 24

Although Germany had agreed to stop unrestricted submarine warfare, they grew desperate and resumed unrestricted submarine warfare
Wilson denounced Germany

British intercepted a message from Arthur Zimmermann [German foreign minister] to Mexico, stating that they would help Mexico reconquer territory lost to US if Mexico joined Germany

Question 25

Fourteen Points

Answer 25

a list of terms to resolve this and future conflicts
issued by Wilson

Freedom of seas, trade
Large-scale reduction of arms
End to secret treaties
Self-determination in Eastern Europe
A general association of nations

Question 26

self-determination

Answer 26

[the right of the ppl to choose their own form of gov]

Question 27

End of WWI

Answer 27

Germans launched offensive that pushed back Allies, but American forces arrived, pushing back German forces across France and Belgium
German generals warned Kaiser that they would lose
William II abdicated and fled to Netherlands

Gov in Vienna tottered; subject nationalities revolted

Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire asked for peace

New German government sought an armistice

Question 28

Opposing goals in Paris Peace Conference

Answer 28

Wilson urged for “peace without victory” based on Fourteen Points

British prime minister David Lloyd George promised to build post-war Britain “fit for heroes”, which would cost money

French leader Georges Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany so it wouldn’t pose a threat to France

Vittorio Orlando [Italian prime minister] insisted Allies honor secret agreement to give them Austrian lands
Violated principle of self-determination

Ppl in Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman wanted their own states
Territories claimed overlapped
Some ethnic groups became unwanted minorities

Question 29

How did Treaty of Versailles weaken Germany?

Answer 29

Enormous reparations
Limited the size of the German military
Returned Alsace and Lorraine to France and took away other land from Germany, including some colonies

Question 30

Self-Determination in Eastern Europe after war?

Answer 30

Independence from Russia
Poland
Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia

Independence from Austria-Hungary
Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia

Question 31

The Mandate System

Answer 31

Colonists mistakenly thought self-determination would apply for them
Treaties created system of mandates to distribute colonies of the losing empires

Question 32

mandates?

Answer 32

[territories administered by Western powers]

Question 33

Why did US not join League of Nations?

Answer 33

Senators, lead by Cabot Lodge, did not want to join League of Nations and wanted to restrict treaties bc they didn’t want US to fight in future wars
Senate refused to ratify the treaty and US never joined the League

Question 34

Russia Revolution timeline

Answer 34

Revolution of 1905
Duma was set up, but had no real power
WWI announcement
Nicholas II joined the war front as a patriotic gesture
Tsarina governs with Rasputin’s influence
Nobles kill Rasputin
February Revolution (in March)
Tsar abdicates
Duma politicians set up provisional gov
October Revolution (aka Bolshevik Revolution) (in Nov)
Civil War between Reds and Whites
Killed royal family
Established USSR
New Economic Policy
Stalin vs. Trotsky
Stalin

Question 35

Lenin timeline

Answer 35

Lenin spread Marxist ideas among factory workers and other socialists, including Nadezhda Krupskaya
After Lenin and his wife were released from prison, they were exiled to Switzerland
Lenin called for elite group to lead revolution and set up “dictatorship of the proletariat”
Mensheviks believed socialism would be achieved through gradual means, which Bolsheviks rejected
In March 1917, Germany wanted to weaken Russia by sending Lenin over

Question 36

Alexander Kerensky

Answer 36

leader of Russian provisional government

Question 37

Russian Provisional Government’s Mistakes

Answer 37

continued the war and failed to make proper reforms
Peasants wanted land, troops fled, workers wanted to end shortages
Kerensky offensive against Germany was disastrous

Question 38

Russian Civil War (Reds vs. Whites)

Answer 38

Whites included tsarist imperial officers, Mensheviks, democrats, nationalists from non-Russian regions
Reds were communists

Allies fought Red bc they hoped Whites would overthrow Communists and help them fight against Germany
Didn’t rlly help
In the long run, this fed Communist distrust of the West

Communists shot exiled royal family so they wouldn’t become a rallying symbol for counterrevolutionary forces

Question 39

war communism

Answer 39

Took over industries
Peasants had to give their food to feed military; were drafted into army or forced to work in factories
drastically weakened economy

Question 40

Government of USSR

Answer 40

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Democratic + socialist constitution
Supreme Soviet [elected legislature]; citizens >= 18 could vote
All member republics shared certain equal rights
Political power, resources, means of production would belong to the proletariat

In reality, Communist party held all power and Russia dominated the other republics

Question 41

New Economic Policy

Answer 41

Lenin’s time
some capitalist
Peasants owned small plots of land and freely sold surpluses
Economy improved

Question 42

Stalin vs. Trotsky

Answer 42

Trotsky wanted to spread communism
Stalin wanted to focus on USSR

Stalin isolated Trotsky and stripped him of membership

Trotsky fled and kept criticizing Stalin
Killed in Mexico by ice pick