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BIOL 373 > unit 3a sensory systems > Flashcards

unit 3a sensory systems Flashcards

1
Q

The four types of receptors

A

Chemo
Mechano
Photo
Thermo

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2
Q

definition of adequate stimulus

A

type of energy that a receptor responds best to

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3
Q

convergence of many primary neurons onto one secondary neuron increases _____ but decreases ______

A

sensitivity
resolution

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4
Q

Increased area in somatosensory cortex dedicated to the fingers rather than the arm is the caused by _______

A

lack of convergence in the fingertips

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5
Q

The two sensory pathways that do not undergo thalamic relay

A

olfactory pathway

equilibrium pathway

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6
Q

what is visceral sensory information?

A

gut, stomach, internal organs

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7
Q

How are sensations decoded in the CNS

A

MILD
Modality
Intensity
Location
Duration

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8
Q

What is modality determined by? what is another name for this type of decoding?

A

type of neuron activated (touch, photo…) and where the pathway terminates

also called labeled line coding

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9
Q

What is location determined by?

A

which receptive fields are activated

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10
Q

lateral inhibition enhances _____ and improves ________

A

contrast

stimulus localization

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11
Q

what is intensity determined by?

A

number of receptors activated

FREQUENCY of action potentials

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12
Q

what is duration determined by?

A

The length of time of the series of action potentials

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13
Q

type of receptor that turns off during a constant stimulus

A

phasic receptor

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14
Q

medulla crossing somatosensory pathways

A

fine touch, proprioception, vibration

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15
Q

spinal cord crossing somatosensory pathways

A

nociception, temperature, coarse touch

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16
Q

the superficial cutaneous sensory receptors and their adaptation

A

merkels disk slow
meissners corpuscle fast

17
Q

the deep cutaneous sensory reseptors and their adaptations

A

ruffinis corpuscle slow
pacinian corpuscle fast

18
Q

nociception is mediated by what types of channels?

A

Transient Receptor potential (TRP) channels

19
Q

TRP channels do not have an adequate stimulus. Why?

A

mediated by a variety of sensations and non-selective ion channels

20
Q

the reason wasabi tastes “hot”

A

The TRPV that is activated by wasabi is also activated by warm temperatures

21
Q

nociception is mediated by what nerves?

A

free nerve endings with ion channels

22
Q

three ways neural reflexes are classified

A

according to the effector
according to the integrating center
number of neurons in pathway

23
Q

only _____ reflexes are monosynaptic

A

motor

24
Q

skeletal muscle reflexes monitor ______, integrate in the ____, efferent pathway is _____ and the effectors are _____

A

proprioception, CNS, alpha motor neurons, extrafusal muscle fibers

25
Q

proprioceptors sense….

A

changes in join movement, muscle length, muscle tension

26
Q

muscle spindles monitor _____

A

muscle stretch

27
Q

golgi tendon organs monitor

A

muscle tension

28
Q

the ______ in the central region of intrafusal fibers are _____ and send signals to the ______

A

free nerve endings
tonically active 1a afferent neurons
spinal cord

29
Q

1a afferent neurons will synapse in the spinal cord with ______ and ____

A

alpha motor neuron
inhibitory interneuron

30
Q

inhibitory interneurons inhibit ________ muscles

A

antagonistic

31
Q

alpha gamma coactivation occurs when the muscle is _______

A

contracting

32
Q

the stretch reflex prevents over stretching by….

A

negative feedback loop of 1a afferent neurons synapsing with alpha motor neurons and causing contraction

33
Q

compare muscle reflex with voluntary movement

A

muscle reflex
- integrated in spinal cord
- inherent and fast movement
-driven by external stimuli

voluntary movement
- integrated in cerebral cortex
- learned movements, can improve with practice
- driven by conscious processing

34
Q

crossed extensor reflex purpose

A

support body weight as shift away from painful stimulus

BIOL 373 (12 decks)

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