unit 3b special senses

Question 1

olfactory receptor neurons are true ______ neurons, ______ every 60 days, are _______ receptors

Answer 1

bipolar
replaced
GPCR

Question 2

the five basic tastes

Answer 2

sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami

Question 3

What tastes are transduced by GPCRs

Answer 3

sweet, umami, bitter

Question 4

taste travels from primary gustatory neurons to _____ then _____ then ______

Answer 4

medulla, thalamus, gustatory cortex

Question 5

pathway for sound. (6)

Answer 5

sound,
tympanic membrane,
inner ear bones,
oval window,
vestibular duct (perilymph),
round window

Question 6

perilymph similar to ____
endolymph similar to ______

Answer 6

plasma
intracellular fluid

Question 7

the hair cells in the organ of corti are associated with the _______ membrane

Answer 7

tectorial

Question 8

the longest stereocilium in a hair cell is called

Answer 8

kinocilium

Question 9

In the _________ hypothesis, pitch is determined by _______ of activated hair cells

Answer 9

Place code
the location

Question 10

In the _______ hypothesis, pitch is determined by the __________ of action potentials

Answer 10

temporal code
frequency

Question 11

What is the main problem with the temporal code hypothesis of pitch? How is this problem explained?

Answer 11

neurons cannot transmit at the rate of the frequencies humans can hear
multiple neurons with staggered rates carry the code, pooling the response to be the frequency we hear

Question 12

_____ is determined by the amplitude of the action potential

Answer 12

volume

Question 13

the tree types of hearing loss

Answer 13

conductive
central
sensorineural

Question 14

conductive hearing loss is caused by _________________ and is usually _________

Answer 14

issues with earwax or fluid in middle ear
temporary

Question 15

central hearing loss is caused by _______________

Answer 15

damage to neural pathway between ear and brain or damage to cortex

Question 16

sensorineural hearing loss is caused by __________

Answer 16

damages to structures of the inner ear

Question 17

equilibrium is detected in the ________ and the ______

Answer 17

otolith organs
semicircular canals

Question 18

The semicircular canals detect ________ acceleration

Answer 18

rotational

Question 19

each semicircular canal has an associated ______ which contains hair cells grouped in _____

Answer 19

ampulla
cristae

Question 20

like the hair cells in the ear are embedded in the _________, the hair cells in ampulla are embedded in a ______

Answer 20

tectorial membrane
cupula

Question 21

the kinocilium within cristae are much _____ than those within the organ of corti

Answer 21

larger/ more defined

Question 22

the two otolith organs within the ear are called the _______ and the ______ which contains hair cells grouped in ______

Answer 22

utricle
saccule
maculae

Question 23

the gelatinous membrane that hair cells are embedded into in maculae is called the ________

Answer 23

otolith membrane

Question 24

equilibrium information goes to the _______ and the ______ in the neural pathway

Answer 24

cerebellum
medulla

Question 25

The __________ is the region where optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eye

Answer 25

optic disk

Question 26

which order is the neural pathway for vision?
a. optic tract
b. optic nerve
c. visual cortex
d. thalamic relay
e. optic chiasm

Answer 26

b. optic nerve
e. optic chiasm
a. optic tract
d. thalamic relay
c. visual cortex

Question 27

The integrating center for a pupilary light reflex is the ______

Answer 27

midbrain

Question 28

The parasympathetic light reflect causes ______ and innervates _____ smooth muscles

Answer 28

constriction
circular

Question 29

The sympathetic light reflect causes ______ and innervates _____ smooth muscles

Answer 29

dilation
radial

Question 30

does the light reflex information always cross the midline?

Answer 30

no, there are two options to cross (chiasm and midbrain) and so sometimes the information is not on the opposite side

Question 31

which cell mediates non-visual responses to light?

Answer 31

modified ganglion cells

Question 32

why is the mammalian eye considered inverted?

Answer 32

The photoreceptors are farthest from the light source

Question 33

which neuron in the eye defines the receptive field?

Answer 33

ganglion cell

Question 34

what are three characteristics of the fovea?

Answer 34

• all cone photo receptors
• requires high levels of light
• less convergence

Question 35

Light causes retinal to be in the _____ conformation and ____ affinity of opsin

Answer 35

trans
lose

Question 36

in the dark cGMP levels are ____, channels are ___, membrane is _____

Answer 36

high
open
polarized (tonic)

Question 37

in the light cGMP levels are _____, channels are _____, membrane is ______

Answer 37

low
closed
hyperpolarized

Question 38

the color that a cone can recognize is based on ________, humans have _______ cone types

Answer 38

opsin concentration
three (red, blue, green)