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BIOL 373 > unit 4 ab > Flashcards

unit 4 ab Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is ____
diabetes insipidus is _______

A

sweet
not sweet

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2
Q

The 6 functions of a kidney (broad terms)

A

regulate extracellular fluid and Blood pressure
regulate Ion balance
regulate plasma Osmolarity
regulate plasma pH
Endocrine functions
excretion of Waste

(BIO PEW)

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3
Q

The cortical nephron is located in ______ of the kidney

A

the cortex

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4
Q

the juxtamedullary nephron is located in _____ of the kidney

A

the dividing line of the cortex and medulla, mostly in the medulla

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5
Q

The bundle of capillaries within nephrons is called the ____

A

glomerulus

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6
Q

The loops of henle are _____ into the medulla for juxtamedullary nephrons than cortical nephrons

A

further

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7
Q

The “renal corpuscle” is composed of ________ and the ______ inside

A

bowman’s capsule
glomerulus

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8
Q

The tubular elements of the nephron (7)

A

bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
descending limb
loop of henle
ascending limb
distal tubule
collecting duct

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9
Q

renal circulation begins with the artery. What are the next 5 steps into the vein?

A

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
venule

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10
Q

what makes the nephron circulation different from normal venous portal systems?

A

capillaries are joined by arterioles not by venules

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11
Q

definition of filtration in the kidneys

A

movement of water/solutes from blood (glomerular) into tubules

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12
Q

definition of reabsorption in the kidneys

A

movement of water/solutes from filtrates back into blood (peritubular capillaries)

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13
Q

definition of secretion in the kidneys

A

removing molecules from blood, adding them to filtrate

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14
Q

the loop of henle is for the purpose of ________

A

reabsorption: lumen into blood

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15
Q

how to calculate the amount of solute excreted

A

amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted = amount of solute excreted
F-R+S=E
(forsey lol)

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16
Q

filtrate is almost identical to plasma except

A

lacking most of the blood cells

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17
Q

in the proximal tubule ____ of fluid and solute is reabsorbed

A

70%

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18
Q

when fluid leaves the ascending loop of Henle it is _______ relative to plasma. At this point _____ of the original filtrate has been reabsorbed.

A

hypo-osmotic
90%

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19
Q

distal tubule / collecting duct is in control of _____ via ____ control

A

water/salt balance
endocrine

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20
Q

___% of the plasma moves out of glomerular capillaries into tubules. Called the ________

A

20%
filtration fraction

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21
Q

the cells wrapped around the glomerular are called _______

A

podocytes

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22
Q

the endothelium of glomerular capillaries are ______ meaning they have _______

A

fenestrated
large gaps between them

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23
Q

what substances cannot pass the endothelium of the glomerular?

A

cells
large proteins

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24
Q

the protein between pedicels of the glomerular are ______

A

nephrin

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25
Q

the protein within pedicels of the glomerular are ______

A

podocin

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26
Q

the starling forces for glomerular filtration?

A

Ph (blood pressure) - pi (colloid osmotic pressure) - P fluid (pressure of fluid in bowmans capsule) = net flitration 10 mm Hg

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27
Q

3 factors that influence glomerular filtration rate

A

net filtration pressure
surface area of capillaries
permeability of the interface

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28
Q

increasing the resistance of afferent arterioles will cause ______ in renal blood flow, ______ in blood pressure, and _____ in GFR

A

decrease
decrease
decrease

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29
Q

increasing the resistance of efferent arterioles will cause ______ in renal blood flow, ______ in blood pressure, and _____ in GFR

A

decrease
increase
increase

30
Q

the three mechanisms of regulation for GFR

A

myogenic response
tubulo glomerular feedback
endocrine and autonomic control

31
Q

myogenic response is caused by _______ of ________ which will vasoconstrict when bp is ____ and vasodilate when bp is ____

A

stretch
arterior smooth muscles
high
low

32
Q

tubulo glomerular feedback is when the ________ detects too much _____ which causes _____ to be released and activate _______

A

macula densa
NaCl
paracrine factors
smooth muscle of afferent arteriole

33
Q

autonomic control of GFR is via ____ innervation and under ____ conditions

A

sympathetic
extreme

34
Q

endocrine and autonomic control of GFR have integrating centers _____ the kidney that can ______ controls

A

outside
override local

35
Q

The _____ pathway is through cell-cell junctions

A

para-cellular

36
Q

The _____ pathway is crossing the _____ and _____ membranes of cells

A

epithelial
apical
basolateral

37
Q

Apical side is ____

A

Facing tubular lumen

38
Q

Basolateral side is ____

A

Facing blood (capillaries)

39
Q

Enac is expressed in the _____ side and moves sodium ____ the epithelial cells

A

Apical
Into

40
Q

NaK ATPase is expressed in the ____ side and moves sodium ____ the epithelial cells

A

Basolateral
Out of

41
Q

Potassium exits the epithelial cells of the nephron via ______

A

Potassium leak channels

42
Q

SGLT is a ______ and is on the ____ side

A

Na glucose cotransporter
Apical

43
Q

SGLT is on the _______ side, _______ is on the basolateral side

A

Apical
GLUT

44
Q

GLUT is a _______ and works by ____ and goes ____the gradient

A

Glucose transporter protein
Facilitated diffusion
With

45
Q

Urea is has similar characteristics to ______ which allows for easy transport

A

water

46
Q

___ of filtered urea is reabsorbed in the proximal tube

A

40%

47
Q

The movement of urea in the nephrons is _____

A

passive

48
Q

The peritubular capillaries have _____ hydrostatic pressure which results in net ______ of interstitial fluid

A

Lower
Reabsorption

49
Q

Kidney is a major route of _____ for ____ proteins

A

Elimination
Small

50
Q

Proteins smaller than ____ kDa are filtered at the glomerulus

A

50

51
Q

Proteins and complex peptides exit the tubules by going through ____ in the epithelium and ____ are secreted into the interstitial fluid

A

Endocytosis
Amino acids

52
Q

Linear peptides exit the tubules by interacting with ____ that ___ and are secreted into interstitial fluid

A

brush boarders
Digest into amino acids

53
Q

Renal threshold is the _________ at which _______ occurs

A

Plasma concentration of substance
Maximum transport (tm )

54
Q

Excretion of a substance occurs when ______ occurs

A

renal threshold

55
Q

Reabsorption reaches plateau at ______

A

Maximum transport rate

56
Q

secretion of protein occurs when they bind to receptor and undergoes ________ and either degrades it into amino acids or transports via exocytosis into ____

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

the tubule

57
Q

OAT transporters are on the ________ side

A

Apical or basolateral

58
Q

Apical OAT transporters bring in ____ and remove _____ from the epithelial cells

A

Dicarboxylate anion
Organic anions

59
Q

Basolateral OAT transporter bring in ____ and remove ____ from the epithelial cells

A

Organic anions
dicarboxylate anion

60
Q

Composition of urine vs original filtrate (3 things)

A

Glucose, amino acids, other metabolites gone
Proteins mostly gone
Waste products much more concentrated

61
Q

clearance equals

A

excretion rate of X (mg/min) / concentration of X in plasma (mg/ml)

62
Q

inulin clearance is the same as _____

A

GFR

63
Q

All the inulin is filtered at the _____ ends up being _____

A

glomerulus
excreted

64
Q

creatinine is filtered, some ______ none ______

A

secreted
reabsorbed

65
Q

with ____, ____, and _____, we can determine how the kidney handles any solute

A

GFR
plasma concentration
excretion rate

66
Q

to determine net movement compare ____ and ____ rates

A

filtration
excretion

67
Q

normal GFR is ______ ml/min

A

100-125

68
Q

filtration rate is ______ x ______

A

concentration in plasma
GFR

69
Q

urination is also known as ______

A

Micturition

70
Q

micturition is a ________ subject to both ________ and _____ control from the _____

A

spinal reflex
conscious
unconscious
CNS

71
Q

steps of micturition (3)

A

stretch receptors activate and synapse in the spinal cord
activate parasympathetic neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder
inhibit the tonic activation of the motor neurons that keep the sphincter closed (somatic)

BIOL 373 (12 decks)

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