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BIOL 373 > midterm review (unit 1, 2, 3a, 3b) > Flashcards

midterm review (unit 1, 2, 3a, 3b) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Physiology

A

the science of the FUNCTION of living systems

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2
Q

Function vs Process?

A

function: why
Process: how

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3
Q

The 7 steps in the response loop

A

stimulus, sensor, input signal, integrating center, output signal, target, response

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4
Q

feedforward control ______ change

A

anticipates

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5
Q

cells that respond to signals are

A

target cells

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6
Q

which feedback mechanism is not homeostatic?

A

positive feedback

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7
Q

what are the 3 forms of long range cell-cell communication?

A

endocrine, neural, neuro endocrine

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8
Q

lipophilic ligands interact with ______ receptor to produce a _____ response

A

intracellular, slower

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9
Q

water soluble ligands interact with ______ receptor to produce a _____ response

A

surface, faster

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10
Q

4 types of membrane receptors

A

ion channel, enzyme coupled receptor, G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), integrin receptor

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11
Q

what are the two types of second messenger molecules?

A

protein kinases, Ca 2+

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12
Q

cells can change their response to signals by changing _____ or _____

A

receptor number, sensitivity

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13
Q

molecule that activates the receptor but is not the native ligand

A

agonist

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14
Q

molecule that binds to the active site but does not activate

A

antagonist

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15
Q

GPCR is active when bound to ______ which _____ affinity to the beta gamma subunits

A

GTP, decreases

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16
Q

Cannon’s 4 postulates

A

nervous system has role in maintaining fitness of internal environment
some systems under tonic control
some systems under antagonistic control
one chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues

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17
Q

tonic control regulates parameters in a _______

A

up and down fashion

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18
Q

antagonistic control is characterized by

A

some neurons speeding up process and some neurons slowing down processes

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19
Q

cholera toxins _____ GTP ______

A

blocks
hydrolysis

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20
Q

a cell effected by cholera toxin will produce high levels of ______

A

cAMP

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21
Q

at 4 weeks the human brain is made of 4 regions, what are they?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord

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22
Q

the forebrain is differentiated into these two regions

A

cerebrum, dienchephalon

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23
Q

the hindbrain is differentiated into these 3 regions

A

Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons

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24
Q

Name the three layers of meninges from innermost to outermost

A

Pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura matter

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25
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

In the choroid plexuses found within each of the 4 ventricles

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26
Q

How does CSF get into the subarachnoid space?

A

through apertures in the 4th ventrical

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27
Q

how does CSF escape the subarachnoid space?

A

through arachnoid villi that protrude into the dural sinus

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28
Q

what are two defining characteristics of CSF when compared to plasma?

A

CSF has very low protein and no blood cells

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29
Q

The presence of blood or protein in CSF indicates what?

A

infection

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30
Q

what creates the myelin sheath within the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

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31
Q

________ wrap around capillaries and secrete paracrine factors that promote tight junctions within the CNS

A

astrocytes

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32
Q

Dural sinus is also called s_________ sinus

A

superior sagittal sinus

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33
Q

three metabolic quirks of neural tissues

A

require a lot of oxygen
require a lot of glucose
require a lot of blood

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34
Q

the four sections of the spinal nerves

A

cervical, thoratic, lumbar, sacral

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35
Q

the sympathetic nerves on the spinal cord are located in a section for the spine called the _____

A

thoraco-lumbar division

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36
Q

definition of nuclei in the CNS

A

cluster of synapses

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37
Q

definition of tracts in the cns

A

bundle of axons

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38
Q

dorsal column transmit information about ________ towards the _______

A

touch, pressure, proprioception
brain

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39
Q

the spinothalamic tract transmits information about _____

A

pain, temperature, course touch

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40
Q

corticospinal tracts transmit information about ________

A

voluntary movement

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41
Q

the lateral corticospinal tract control the _____
the ventromedial corticospinal tract control the ______

A

limbs
trunk muscles

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42
Q

The midbrain is responsible for____

A

eye movement, visual and auditory reflexes

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43
Q

Pons are responsible for ____

A

relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum

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44
Q

medulla is responsible for _____

A

control of many involuntary functions, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing

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45
Q

medulla is the site of _____ for most neurons in the spinal tract

A

decussation (crossing over)

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46
Q

the cerebellum coordinates _____

A

movement

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47
Q

diencephalon has four structures

A

thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

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48
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

relays and integrates sensory information

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49
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

center for homeostasis
hunger, thirst, autonomic responses, endocrine systems

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50
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

secretes melatonin, involved in circadian rhythms

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51
Q

the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal

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52
Q

the three regions of cerebral grey matter

A

basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

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53
Q

primary motor cortex is located ____

A

in the frontal lobe, ridge just anterior to central sulcus

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54
Q

primary somatosensory cortex is located ________

A

in the parietal lobe, ridge just posterior to the central sulcus

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55
Q

dorsal columns in the spinal cord carry information about _____

A

fine touch, pressure, proprioception

56
Q

spinocerebellar tract carry information about _____

A

proprioception (posture, coordination)

57
Q

spinothalamic tract carry information about ____

A

pain and temp

58
Q

corticospinal tract carry information about ____

A

voluntary movement

59
Q

the lateral corticospinal tracts control the ____

A

limbs

60
Q

a signal controlling the limbs will ____ in the medulla, follow the _____ corticospinal tract, and _____ in spinal grey matter

A

cross, lateral, not cross

61
Q

a signal controlling the trunk will ____ in the medulla, follow the _____ corticospinal tract, and _____ in spinal grey matter

A

not cross, anterior, cross

62
Q

5 steps of a spinal reflex

A

painful stimulus activates receptor
primary sensory neuron enters spinal cord
collateral activates ascending pathway for sensation (cc to brain)
withdrawal reflex
crossed extensor reflex

63
Q

_____ substances require a channel to cross the blood brain barrier

A

hydrophilic / lipophobic

64
Q

The four types of receptors

A

Chemo
Mechano
Photo
Thermo

65
Q

definition of adequate stimulus

A

type of energy that a receptor responds best to

66
Q

convergence of many primary neurons onto one secondary neuron increases _____ but decreases ______

A

sensitivity
resolution

67
Q

Increased area in somatosensory cortex dedicated to the fingers rather than the arm is the caused by _______

A

lack of convergence in the fingertips

68
Q

The two sensory pathways that do not undergo thalamic relay

A

olfactory pathway
equilibrium pathway

69
Q

what is visceral sensory information?

A

gut, stomach, internal organs

70
Q

How are sensations decoded in the CNS

A

MILD
Modality
Intensity
Location
Duration

71
Q

What is modality determined by? what is another name for this type of decoding?

A

type of neuron activated (touch, photo…) and where the pathway terminates
also called labeled line coding

72
Q

What is location determined by?

A

which receptive fields are activated

73
Q

lateral inhibition enhances _____ and improves ________

A

contrast
stimulus localization

74
Q

what is intensity determined by?

A

number of receptors activated
FREQUENCY of action potentials

75
Q

what is duration determined by?

A

The length of time of the series of action potentials

76
Q

type of receptor that turns off during a constant stimulus

A

phasic receptor

77
Q

medulla crossing somatosensory pathways

A

fine touch, proprioception, vibration

78
Q

spinal cord crossing somatosensory pathways

A

nociception, temperature, coarse touch

79
Q

the superficial cutaneous sensory receptors and their adaptation

A

Merkel’s disk slow
Meissner’s corpuscle fast

80
Q

the deep cutaneous sensory receptors and their adaptations

A

Ruffini’s corpuscle slow
Pacinian corpuscle fast

81
Q

nociception is mediated by what types of channels?

A

Transient Receptor potential (TRP) channels

82
Q

TRP channels do not have an adequate stimulus. Why?

A

mediated by a variety of sensations and non-selective ion channels

83
Q

the reason wasabi tastes “hot”

A

The TRPV that is activated by wasabi is also activated by warm temperatures

84
Q

nociception is mediated by what nerves?

A

free nerve endings with ion channels

85
Q

three ways neural reflexes are classified

A

according to the effector
according to the integrating center
number of neurons in pathway

86
Q

only _____ reflexes are monosynaptic

A

motor

87
Q

skeletal muscle reflexes monitor ______, integrate in the ____, efferent pathway is _____ and the effectors are _____

A

proprioception, CNS, alpha motor neurons, extrafusal muscle fibers

88
Q

proprioceptors sense….

A

changes in join movement, muscle length, muscle tension

89
Q

muscle spindles monitor _____

A

muscle stretch

90
Q

golgi tendon organs monitor

A

muscle tension

91
Q

the ______ in the central region of intrafusal fibers are _____ and send signals to the ______

A

free nerve endings
tonically active 1a afferent neurons
spinal cord

92
Q

1a afferent neurons will synapse in the spinal cord with ______ and ____

A

alpha motor neuron
inhibitory interneuron

93
Q

inhibitory interneurons inhibit ________ muscles

A

antagonistic

94
Q

alpha gamma coactivation occurs when the muscle is _______

A

contracting

95
Q

the stretch reflex prevents over stretching by….

A

negative feedback loop of 1a afferent neurons synapsing with alpha motor neurons and causing contraction

96
Q

compare muscle reflex with voluntary movement

A

muscle reflex
- integrated in spinal cord
- inherent and fast movement
-driven by external stimuli
voluntary movement
- integrated in cerebral cortex
- learned movements, can improve with practice
- driven by conscious processing

97
Q

crossed extensor reflex purpose

A

support body weight as shift away from pain

98
Q

olfactory receptor neurons are true ______ neurons, ______ every 60 days, are _______

A

bipolar
replaced
GPCR

99
Q

the five basic tastes

A

sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami

100
Q

What tastes are transduced by GPCRs

A

sweet, umami, bitter

101
Q

taste travels from primary gustatory neurons to _____ then _____ then ______

A

medulla, thalamus, gustatory cortex

102
Q

pathway for sound. (6)

A

sound,
tympanic membrane,
inner ear bones,
oval window,
vestibular duct (perilymph),
round window

103
Q

perilymph similar to ____
endolymph similar to ______

A

plasma
intracellular fluid

104
Q

the hair cells in the organ of corti are associated with the _______ membrane

A

tectorial

105
Q

the longest stereocilium in a hair cell is called

A

kinocilium

106
Q

In the _________ hypothesis, pitch is determined by _______ of activated hair cells

A

Place code
the location

107
Q

In the _______ hypothesis, pitch is determined by the __________ of action potentials

A

temporal code
frequency

108
Q

What is the main problem with the temporal code hypothesis of pitch? How is this problem explained?

A

neurons cannot transmit at the rate of the frequencies humans can hear
multiple neurons with staggered rates carry the code, pooling the response to be the frequency we hear

109
Q

_____ is determined by the amplitude of the action potential

A

volume

110
Q

the tree types of hearing loss

A

conductive
central
sensorineural

111
Q

conductive hearing loss is caused by _________________ and is usually _________

A

issues with earwax or fluid in middle ear
temporary

112
Q

central hearing loss is caused by _______________

A

damage to neural pathway between ear and brain or damage to cortex

113
Q

sensorineural hearing loss is caused by __________

A

damages to structures of the inner ear

114
Q

equilibrium is detected in the ________ and the ______

A

otolith organs
semicircular canals

115
Q

The semicircular canals detect ________ acceleration

A

rotational

116
Q

each semicircular canal has an associated ______ which contains hair cells grouped in _____

A

ampulla
cristae

117
Q

like the hair cells in the ear are embedded in the _________, the hair cells in ampulla are embedded in a ______

A

tectorial membrane
cupula

118
Q

the kinocilium within cristae are much _____ than those within the organ of corti

A

larger/ more defined

119
Q

the two otolith organs within the ear are called the _______ and the ______ which contains hair cells grouped in ______

A

utricle
saccule
maculae

120
Q

the gelatinous membrane that hair cells are embedded into in maculae is called the ________

A

otolith membrane

121
Q

equilibrium information goes to the _______ and the ______ in the neural pathway

A

cerebellum
medulla

122
Q

The __________ is the region where optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eye

A

optic disk

123
Q

which order is the neural pathway for vision?
a. optic tract
b. optic nerve
c. visual cortex
d. thalamic relay
e. optic chiasm

A

b. optic nerve
e. optic chiasm
a. optic tract
d. thalamic relay
c. visual cortex

124
Q

The integrating center for a pupillary light reflex is the ______

A

midbrain

125
Q

The parasympathetic light reflex causes ______ and innervates _____ smooth muscles

A

constriction
circular

126
Q

The sympathetic light reflect causes ______ and innervates _____ smooth muscles

A

dilation
radial

127
Q

does the light reflex information always cross the midline?

A

no, there are two options to cross (chiasm and midbrain) and sometimes the information does not cross

128
Q

which cell mediates non-visual responses to light?

A

modified ganglion cells

129
Q

why is the mammalian eye considered inverted?

A

The photoreceptors are farthest from the light source

130
Q

which neuron in the eye defines the receptive field?

A

ganglion cell

131
Q

what are three characteristics of the fovea?

A

all cone photo receptors
requires high levels of light
less convergence

132
Q

Light causes retinal to be in the _____ conformation and ____ affinity of opsin

A

trans
decrease

133
Q

in the dark cGMP levels are ____, channels are ___, membrane is _____

A

high
open
polarized (tonic)

134
Q

in the light cGMP levels are _____, channels are _____, membrane is ______

A

low
closed
hyperpolarized

135
Q

the color that a cone can recognize is based on ________, humans have _______ cone types

A

opsin concentration
three (red, blue, green)

BIOL 373 (12 decks)

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