meiosis

Question 1

karotype

Answer 1

complete set of persons chromosmes in homologous pairs (paternal on left side and maternal on right side). chromosomes are numbered

Question 2

centromere

Answer 2

binds sister chromatids (still one chromosome but now two chromatids)

Question 3

asexual reproduction (4 types)

Answer 3

1.budding- buds off parent and falls off to grow exactly like parent

2. fragmentation-part falls off and grows into clone of parent eg) sea stars
3. vegitative propagation-ends of plant fall of and if in soil and growing conditions will grow into adult plant (identical to parent)

4.parthenogenesis- egg laid and grows without fertilization eg) bees

Question 4

diploid vs haploid

Answer 4

2n=2 sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

n- no homologous pairs 1 set of chromosmes

Question 5

karyogram

Answer 5

visual of karyotypes

Question 6

ploidy

Answer 6

number of chromosomal pairs. each numbered pair (diploid or haploid)

Question 7

chiasma

Answer 7

a point of crossing over (site of exchange)

Question 8

crossing over

Answer 8

Exchange of corresponding segments
of DNA by non-sister chromatids in a
tetrad during prophase I

Question 9

synapsis

Answer 9

pairing of homologous chromosomes (zipping up)

Question 10

2n=8

Answer 10

8 chromosomes total
4 from mother and 4 from father
4 homologous pairs
gametes would have 4 chromosomes
n=4 (n= #of homologous pairs)

Question 11

domestic cats have 18 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes

Answer 11

2(19)=38

Question 12

tetrad/bivalent

and seen in which phase and due to what

Answer 12

a pair of chromosomes refers to 4 chromatids (chromosome replication in interphase leads to tetrad in prophase 1)

Question 13

endonucleases

Answer 13

creates nicks in non-sister chromatids so exchange can occur at chiasma

Question 14

genetic variation in meiosis

Answer 14

1.crossing over (recombiant)
2. independent assortment (random alignment of homologous chromosomes)
3. random fertilization

Question 15

possible gamete outcomes due to random alignment (law of independent assortment)

Answer 15

calculated by 2^n (n= # of homologous pairs)
eg) 2n=8 therefore possible outcomes is 2^4=16 possible outcomes

Question 16

random fertilization and possible diploid outcomes

Answer 16

2^n x 2^n=total number of possible diploid combinations

eg) number of human parent diploid combinations:
2^23 x 2^23= 70 trillion possible zygotes

Question 17

which organisms can undergo mitosis

Answer 17

eukaryotic organisms since mitosis is the splitting of nucleus. organisms can still undergo asexual reprodcution just not mitosis

Question 18

three types of sexual life cycles

Answer 18

animals- dominated by diploid cells
plants- diploid for half life cycle and half haploid
fungal-dominated by haploid cells