kin selection

Question 1

relative measurement

Answer 1

relative measure is a context-specific measurement as the individual score depends on its comparison to other scores within the group.
eg) fitness of individual is found compared to its population

Question 2

biological fitness definition from a gene perspective

Answer 2

how well an individual (=allele) does relative to others in the population

Question 3

what does it mean when we say being fit is selfish?

Answer 3

one wants to pass on their genes/alleles to next gen and produce many offspring with their alleles

Question 4

why are the statements such as “to ensure the survial of the species” “for the good of the species” and “natures way of making sure the species survive” fundamentally incorrect?

Answer 4

because it is the individual (the allele) that is favoured by natural selection, not the group

Question 5

behaviours that dedcrease fitness

Answer 5

altruism. fitness cost to individual but benefit to recipient

Question 6

how are altruistic behaviours selfish

Answer 6

organisms only behave altruistically to close relatives

Question 7

direct fitness vs indirect

Answer 7

direct fitness:
the number offspring an individual produces themselves

indirect fitness:
offspring produced by relatives bc of help an individual provides
eg) bee eaters increase their indirect fitness as they increase the fitness of their relatives by staying at the parents nest. however this does lower direct fitness. this behaviour is selected (meaning favoured by natural selection as overall it increases fitness)

Question 8

cooperation, reciprocal altruism, and kin selection

Answer 8

c= interactions between individuals where both parties benefit from the interaction (african wild dogs working togethrt to hunt)

r=altruistic behaviour that is exchanged between a pair of individuals. the costs of altruistic behaviours are balanced out when favours are returned (monkeys grooming one another)

k= behaviours that increase the fitness of thier kin at the expense of their own fitness (bee eaters staying at nest of young)

Question 9

inclusive fitness and what increases inclusive fitness

Answer 9

the combination of direct production of offspring via direct and indirect fitness.

what increases inclusive fitness?
cooperation, reciprocal altruism, and kin selectiion

Question 10

hamiltons rule

Answer 10

formula that explains which behaivours will be favoured by natural selection
Br>C

Question 11

inclusive fitness/hamiltons rule and the sexy son hypothesis

Answer 11

mating with an attractive polygamous bird even tho it costs the females fitness, may increase her inclusive fitness if her sons inherit the attractive qualities and are able to pass them along.

Question 12

calculate relatedness

Answer 12

r=(0.5)^n

n= # of links between relatives

full siblings have one link
neice and uncle and 2 links