13: An introduction to organic chemistry

Question 1

Addition

Answer 1

​A reaction in which the reactants combine to form a single product

Question 2

Aldehyde [2]

Answer 2

• ​A compound containing the -CHO functional group at the end of an alkyl chain.
  -Aldehydes can be oxidised to carboxylic acids by heating them under reflux with Cr​2​O​7​2-​/ H​+​.

Question 3

Aliphatic

Answer 3

​An molecule that only contains straight or branched alkyl chains

Question 4

Alkane

Answer 4

​A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C​n​H​2n+2

Question 5

Amines [3]

Answer 5

​-Compounds that contain the NR​3​ functional group (where R could be hydrogen atoms
or alkyl chains).
- Amines are basic as the nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons that can accept a proton.
-In a reaction between amines and dilute acids, salts are formed.

Question 6

Bond angle

Answer 6

the angle between two bonds from the same atom in a covalently bonded compound.

Question 7

Carboxylic acid

Answer 7

​An organic compound containing the -COOH functional group

Question 8

Chain isomers [2]

Answer 8

-​Structural isomers that have carbon backbones of differing lengths.
-These occur due to the branching in the carbon chain.

Question 9

Chiral centre

Answer 9

A carbon atom that is bonded to 4 different atoms/groups of atoms

Question 10

Geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism [3]

Answer 10

-a type of isomerism where the same atoms are connected but arranged differently around a double bond.
-Cis: groups on the same side.
-Trans: groups on opposite sides

Question 11

Condensation Reaction

Answer 11

A reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger one, releasing a small molecule (often water).

Question 12

Cycloalkane

Answer 12

Saturated hydrocarbons forming a ring structure, with general formula CₙH₂ₙ.

Question 13

Displayed Formula

Answer 13

A diagram showing every atom and every bond in a compound.

Question 14

Electrophile [2]

Answer 14

A species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a bond; attracted to areas of high electron density.

Question 15

Electrophilic Addition

Answer 15

A reaction in which a π bond is broken and two σ bonds form as an electrophile adds across a double bond

Question 16

Electrophilic Substitution

Answer 16

A reaction where an electrophile replaces an atom or group in a molecule

Question 17

Elimination

Answer 17

A reaction where a molecule loses atoms or groups, forming a carbon-carbon double bond

Question 18

Enantiomers

Answer 18

Non-superimposable mirror images of each other that rotate plane-polarised light in opposite directions

Question 19

Ester

Answer 19

A compound with the functional group R-COO-R’, formed from an acid and an alcohol.

Question 20

Free Radical Substitution [3]

Answer 20

-A photochemical reaction between halogens and alkanes
-using UV light,
-involving initiation, propagation, and termination steps

Question 21

Functional Group

Answer 21

A specific atom or group of atoms responsible for the chemical reactions of a compound

Question 22

Functional Group Isomers

Answer 22

Structural isomers with different functional groups, belonging to different homologous series

Question 23

General Formula

Answer 23

A formula that represents all members of a homologous series

Question 24

Halogenoalkane

Answer 24

An alkane with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms

Question 25

Heterolytic Bond Breaking

Answer 25

Bond breaking where both electrons go to one atom.

Question 26

Homologous Series

Answer 26

A series of compounds with the same functional group and general formula, differing by a CH₂ unit.

Question 27

Homolytic Bond Breaking

Answer 27

Bond breaking where the bonding electrons are split evenly between the atoms.

Question 28

Hybridisation

Answer 28

The mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals.

Question 29

Hydrocarbon

Answer 29

A compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen

Question 30

Hydrolysis

Answer 30

A reaction in which a compound is broken down by water.

Question 31

Initiation Step [2]

Answer 31

The first step in free radical substitution, where radicals are first formed

Question 32

Ketone [2]

Answer 32

-A compound with a C=O group within a carbon chain. -Ketones cannot be further oxidised

Question 33

Molecular Formula

Answer 33

Shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

Question 34

Nomenclature

Answer 34

The system used for naming chemical compounds.

Question 35

Nucleophile [2]

Answer 35

- A species that donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond; -attracted to electron-deficient areas.

Question 36

Nucleophilic Addition [2]

Answer 36

A reaction where a nucleophile adds to a compound with a π bond, breaking it and forming new σ bonds

Question 37

Nucleophilic Substitution

Answer 37

A reaction where a nucleophile replaces a group or atom in a molecule.

Question 38

Optical Isomerism [2]

Answer 38

A type of isomerism caused by a chiral centre; isomers are mirror images but not superimposable.

Question 39

Planar

Answer 39

A molecule where all atoms lie in the same plane

Question 40

Position Isomer

Answer 40

Structural isomers with the same backbone but different positions of functional groups.

Question 41

Primary Alcohol [2]

Answer 41

The -OH group is attached to a carbon bonded to one other carbon. -Can oxidise to aldehydes or carboxylic acids.

Question 42

Primary Halogenoalkane

Answer 42

The carbon attached to the halogen is bonded to only one other carbon

Question 43

Propagation Step

Answer 43

In radical substitution, the stage where radicals react to form new radicals and products.

Question 44

Saturated

Answer 44

Compounds with only single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 45

Skeletal Formula

Answer 45

A simplified organic structure where bonds are shown as lines and carbon/hydrogen atoms are implied.

Question 46

Structural Formula

Answer 46

Shows how atoms are arranged in a molecule

Question 47

Structural Isomers

Answer 47

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements

Question 48

Substitution

Answer 48

– A reaction where one functional group is replaced by another

Question 49

Termination [2]

Answer 49

-The final step in radical substitution -where two radicals combine to form a stable molecule.

Question 50

Unsaturated

Answer 50

Hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).

Question 51

stereoisomerism

Answer 51

Isomers with the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms.