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SS - Exam 1 > Somato - Vestibular > Flashcards

Somato - Vestibular Flashcards

1
Q

External ear

A

Function for channeling sound waves to middle ear

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2
Q

Middle ear

A

Converting waves in air to waves in fluid

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3
Q

Inner ear

A

Converts mechanical stimuli into action potentials

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4
Q

Structures of middle ear - ossicles

A

Hammer - malleus
Anvil - incus
Stirrup - stapes

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5
Q

Nearby nerves of middle ear

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)
Sympathetic nerve to the eye

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6
Q

Inner ear function

A

Convert mechanical stimuli (vibration, acceleration, position relative to gravitational field) into neural signals

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7
Q

Parts of inner ear sensory

A

Cochlea - detection of sound
Semicircular canals - detection of angular acceleration
Otolith organs - detection of linear acceleration & position

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8
Q

Mechanoreceptors in inner ear

A

Shared cell type - hair cell, cilia moved by fluid or membrane to open or close channels = increased or decreased rates of action

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9
Q

CN of inner ear

A

Cochlear and vestibular nerves rolled into one
Vestibulocochlear VIII

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10
Q

Structure layers of middle ear

A

Petrous temporal bone
Periosteum
Perilymph
Endolymph
Sensory epithelium

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11
Q

Vestibule

A

Divided into two parts
Utricle
Saccule

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12
Q

Apical sterocilia

A

Movement of cilia = hyperpolarization or depolarization
Release neurotransmitters which binds to sensory neurons
Mammal hair cells do not regenerate

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13
Q

Transduction

A

Depolarization of hair cell
Release of neurotransmitter (glutamate)
Binds to receptors on sensory neuron
If depolarization is sufficient, action potential fires

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14
Q

Tip link

A

Thin band of protein, that binds tips of sterocilia together so they move in flow

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15
Q

Occurrence when short cilia move towards tall

A
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16
Q

Occurrence when tall cilia move towards short

A
17
Q

What causes the depolarization in hair cells

A

Potassium (cation)

18
Q

Spiral ganglion

A

Located at center of cochlea
Bipolar neurons received signals for hair cells
Project to brainstem via cochlear nerve
Synapse on neurons in cochlear nuclei

19
Q

Pathway of spiral ganglion

A

5 neurons
Bipolar from hair cells to vestibular nuclei
Second order from vestibular nuclei to inferior colliculus
Third order from inferior colliculus to thalamus
Forth order from thalamus to auditory cortex

20
Q

Hair cell damage

A

Breakage of length
Damage to sterocilia
Damage to synapse
High frequency hair cells get lost first

21
Q

Semi circular canals

A

3 fluid filled canals
Oriented at right angels
Detect angular acceleration
Each has dilation called the ampulla

22
Q

Anterior semicircular canal

A

Detects pitch or the nodding up and down motion of the head

23
Q

Lateral semicircular canal

A

Detects “yaw” motion or shaking your head no/side to side

24
Q

Posterior semicircular canal

A

Detects roll motion, tipping head side to side

25
Q

Ampulla of semicircular canal

A

Each has a patch of sensory epithelium - cresta ampullaris
Sterocilia of hair cells embedded in a membrane - cupula
Movement of fluid displaces the cupula - bends sterocilia

26
Q

Otolith organs

A

Two patches (utricle and saccule) of sensory epithelium called macula
Located in vestibule where semicircular canals and cochlea connect

27
Q

Saccule orientation

A

Vertical

28
Q

Urticle orientation

A

Horizontal

29
Q

Macula of uritcle and saccule

A

Stereocilia of hair cells are embedded in a membrane - otoconial membrane. This contains calcium carbonate crystals & adds weight to membrane = increased response to gravity

30
Q

Vestibular ganglia

A

Contains the cell bodies of bipolar neurons
Neurons project from hair cells to vestibular nuclei in brainstem via vestibular nerve
Ganglion is located in the internal auditory meatus

31
Q

What species lack a cochlea

A

Fish

SS - Exam 1 (33 decks)

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