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SS - Exam 1 > Neuropath 1 > Flashcards

Neuropath 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons response to injury

A

Small energy stores
Neurons with the highest metabolic rate are the most susceptible to damage
Limited capacity to regenerate
Necrosis in response to hypoxia, excitotoxicity & hypogly
Accumulate inclusion bodies in response to viral/degen

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2
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Loss of nissl substance

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3
Q

Axon response to injury

A

Wallerian or like degen - swelling
Response to trauma = wallerian
Ischemia/degeneration = wallerian - like
Segmental swelling - spheroids
Distension of myelin sheaths (Swiss cheese)
Macrophage infiltrates

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4
Q

Necrosis of neuropil

A

Malacia - softening of nervous tissue, only applies to gross pathology - result of extensive necrosis
Gitter cells (macro) clean up
Replaced by glial scar or cystic cavity

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5
Q

Edema in the brain

A

Vasogenic - fluid leaking from BV into intracellular space
Cytotoxic - intracellular, abnormal accumulation of fluid into brain cells and cell swelling and is commonly observed in cerebral ischemia & liver failure
Interstitial - fluid leaking between the ependymal lining and neuropil

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6
Q

Classification of neurological disease

A

Anomalies
Metabolic - toxic
Vascular
Inflammatory
Traumatic
Idiopathic
Neoplastic
Degenerative

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7
Q

Classification of neurological disease

A

Anomalies

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8
Q

Anomalies/malformations

A

Deviation of normal anatomy
Neural tube closure
Defects of forebrain induction
Neuronal migration disorders
Proliforation or size
Encephaloclastic defects

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9
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Fluid has accumulated in the ventricle systems
Two kinds, communicating and non communicating

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10
Q

Communicating hydrocephalus

A

Bilateral, symmetrical dilation of the ventricular system without any lesions or obstruction of CSF
Must be accompanied by clinical neurological signs

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11
Q

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

Present or partial obstruction of CSF flow

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12
Q

Most common location for hydrocephalus

A

Mesencephalic aqueduct
Inflammation in mesencephalon during development can lead to scaring or dilation of tissues which become filled with fluid

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13
Q

Hydranencephaly

A

Accumulation of water within the brain matter
Destruction of preexisting cerebrum
Massive bilateral, systemic necrosis
Typically caused by transplacental viral infections

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14
Q

Cerebral hypoplasia

A

Never fully formed cerebella
Heritable in dogs and Arabian horses
Common in cats, cattle, sheep & pigs due to transplacental viral infections

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15
Q

Disease that causes cerebellar hypoplasia in cats

A

Panluekopenia

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16
Q

Disease that causes cerebellar hypoplasia in cattle

A

BVDV

17
Q

Spina bifida

A

Spontaneous failure of closure of neural tube
Typically caudal spine
Dorsal defect in closure of one or several vertebral arches

18
Q

Meningocele

A

Herniation of meninges

19
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Herniation of meninges and spinal cord

20
Q

Hydromyelia

A

Dilation of central canal
Similar to hydrocephalus

21
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Congenital or aquired
Formation of a cyst in the spinal cord
Cyst is not lined by ependymal cells and is separate from central canal**

22
Q

Anomalies / malformations

A

Hydrocephalus
Hydranencephaly
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Spina bifida
Hydromyelia
Syringomyelia

23
Q

Metabolic and toxic lesions

A

Usually acute
bilateral and symmetrical
Affect specific regions of the brain or SC
Major patterns
- necrosis
- selective necrosis or loss of neurons, axons or myelin
- spongiosis

24
Q

Toxins

A

Organic
Inorganic
Natural occurring toxins
Endogenous toxins with organ failure

25
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A

Yellowing of gray matter
Laminar cortical necrosis of superficial cerebral cortex
Necrosis of neurons w edema in band-like patterns

26
Q

Polioencephalomalacia in LA

A

Sulfur or lead in toxic
Thiamine deficiency
Hypernatremia

27
Q

Polioencephalomalacia in SA

A

Hypoglycemia
Seizure activity

28
Q

Fun fact abt Polioencephalomalacia

A

Florenscenes under ultraviolet light

29
Q

Thiamine deficiency in cats

A

Occurs w ingestion of foods high in thiaminase
Necrosis of gray matter around ventricles of caudal colliculi

30
Q

Equine leukoencephalomalacia

A

Moldy corn disease - consumption of grain w fungus Fusarium Moniliforme
Produces necrosis specifically in the white matter
Lesions are asymmetrical

31
Q

Enterotoxemia

A

Pulpy kidney disease
Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
High carb diet = overgrowth of clostridia in GIT
Necrotoxicity due to epsilon toxin which causes vascular damage and neuronal excitotoxicity

32
Q

common location for necrosis with clostridium enterotoxemia

A

Base of internal capsule
Focal & bilateral

33
Q

Poliomyelomalacia

A

Selenium toxicosis in pigs
Affects cervical lumbar intumescence
Causes focal, bilateral, symmetrical necrosis of ventral horns

SS - Exam 1 (33 decks)

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