face and scalp

Question 1

where does the thickened fascia of the parotid gland arise from?

Answer 1

it is an extension of the deep fascia

the layer of deep cervical fascia covers the masseter and inserts into the parotid gland

Question 2

describe the composition of fronto-occipitalis

Answer 2

there are two bellys:
- frontalis
- occipitalis

Question 3

what is the innervation common to all muscles of facial expression?

Answer 3

the facial nerve

Question 4

what is the function of platysma?

Answer 4

tightens the skin on the neck and contributes to facial expression

Question 5

what nerve innervates platysma?

Answer 5

the facial nerve

Question 6

what is the function of buccinator?

Answer 6

prevent food from collecting between the teeth and the cheek

Question 7

what is the function of obicularis oculi?

Answer 7

it forms a circle around the eye and acts to close the eye

Question 8

what is the function of orbicularis oris?

Answer 8

it forms a circle around the mouth and acts to close the mouth

is a more complex sphincter than obicualris oculi

Question 9

what is the function of zygomaticus?

Answer 9

acts to raise the corners of the mouth

Question 10

what is the function of levator labii?

Answer 10

acts to elevate the lips

Question 11

what is the function of levator angulii superioris?

Answer 11

acts to elevate the corners of the mouth

Question 12

what is the function of depressor labii?

Answer 12

acts to pull down the lips

Question 13

what is the function of depressor anguli oris?

Answer 13

acts to pull down the corners of the mouth

Question 14

what is the function of mentalis?

Answer 14

it is a small muscle that helps pull down the lower lip

Question 15

where does risorius arise from and what is its function?

Answer 15

arises from the fascia above the carotid and attaches to the corner of the mouth and is used to make a happy smiling impression

Question 16

what is the function of levator labii superiors alaeque?

Answer 16

it is a small muscle that helps to move the skin of the nasal area

Question 17

what is the function of the facial nerve?

Answer 17

innervates the muscles of facial expression and so is motor supply to the face

Question 18

what is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 18

supplies sensory innervation to the face and motor innervation to temporalis and masseter

Question 19

how does the facial nerve emerge onto the face?

Answer 19

passes through the parotid gland

Question 20

where does the facial artery arise from?

Answer 20

the third anterior branch of the external carotid artery

Question 21

explain the course of the facial artery

Answer 21

it crosses the anterior surface of the mandible and forms branches that supply the face

it is torturous in shape and forms many bends as it crosses the face

Question 22

explain the arterial supply to the forehead

Answer 22

the supratrochlear and supraorbital branches derived from branches of the internal carotid artery supply the forehead

Question 23

explain the venous drainage of the face

Answer 23

the face is drained by the facial vein which drains into the internal jugular vein

Question 24

what plexus does the facial vein communicate w/?

Answer 24

the pterygoid venous plexus that lies inside the infratemoporal fossa

Question 25

what are the layers of the scalp from external to internal?

Answer 25

external:

S - skin
C - connective tissue
A - aponeurosis (between frontalis and occipitais)
L - loose areolar connective tissue
P - periosteum (pericardium)

Question 26

how can the facial vein be differentiated from the facial artery?

Answer 26

the facial vein is much less torturous

Question 27

explain the arterial supply to the anterior part of the scalp

Answer 27

supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries are derived from branches of the internal carotid artery and supply the anterior part of the scalp

Question 28

describe the arterial supply to the rest of the scalp (not the anterior part)

Answer 28

the rest of the scalp is supplied by posterior branches of the external carotid artery and the superficial temporal artery which is a terminal branch of the external carotid

Question 29

how do the veins of the scalp communicate w/ the sagittal dural venous sinus inside the skull?

Answer 29

via emissary veins

Question 30

describe the potential route for infection to spread from superficial structures to the meninges

Answer 30

the emissary veins pass through the skull to the sagittal dural venous sinus

Question 31

which nerve innervates the superior, anterior and lateral surfaces of the scalp?

Answer 31

branches of the trigeminal nerve

Question 32

describe the innervation of behind the auricle and posterior surface of the head

Answer 32

behind the auricle and the posterior surface of the head are innervated by local nerves derived from C2 an C3 nerve roots

Question 33

what nerve supplies sensory innervation to the face?

Answer 33

the trigeminal nerve

Question 34

how does the supraorbital nerve reach the forehead?

Answer 34

exits the skull at the supraorbital notch

Question 35

how does the infraorbital nerve reach the lateral sides of the nose and lip?

Answer 35

it leaves the skull at the infraorbital foramen

Question 36

how does the inferior alveolar nerve end?

Answer 36

ends as it passes through the mental foramen to form the mental nerve that passes onto the side of the mandible

Question 37

why is there no C1 dermatome?

Answer 37

because it is replaced by the divisions of the trigeminal nerve

Question 38

where do the C2 and C3 dermatomes cover?

Answer 38

C2 - posterior part of the head
C3 - much of the neck

Question 39

ultimately where does lymph from the face and scalp drain into?

Answer 39

deep cervical nodes which lie close to the internal jugular vein