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head and neck spot test > the brain > Flashcards

the brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the most prominent features of the brain grossly?

A

the large cerebral hemispheres
the highly folded surface of the cerebellum

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2
Q

what lies between the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

the longitudinal fissure

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3
Q

how do the two cerebral hemispheres communicate w/ each other?

A

via the corpus callosum

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4
Q

what vessels lie on the superior surface of the corpus callosum?

A

the anterior cerebral arteries

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5
Q

what part of the brain is supplied by the anterior cerebral arteries?

A

the frontal and parietal lobes

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6
Q

where does the lateral fissure lie?

A

on the lateral surface of the brain between the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes

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7
Q

what vessel is contained w/in the lateral fissure?

A

the middle cerebral artery

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8
Q

where does the central sulcus run from / to?

A

from the longitudinal fissure to the lateral fissure

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9
Q

what is the function of the central sulcus?

A

separate the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes

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10
Q

where does the motor cortex lie in relation to the central sulcus?

A

the motor cortex lies anterior to the central sulcus

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11
Q

where does the sensory cortex lie in relation to the central sulcus?

A

the sensory cortex lies posterior to the central sulcus

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12
Q

what are the ‘lumps’ of the brain called?

A

gyri (singular gyrus)

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13
Q

what are the folds on the brain called?

A

sulci (singular sulcus)

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14
Q

where does the visual cortex lie?

A

in the occipital lobe

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15
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus / pineal gland

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16
Q

what is the brainstem?

A

the pons and medulla

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17
Q

how do varying parts of the brain communicate w/ each other?

A

via white mater tracts

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18
Q

where do the basal ganglia lie?

A

deep in the brain mostly surrounded by the insula except for the substantial nigra which lies in the midbrain

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19
Q

where can the substantia nigra be seen?

A

a small black line crossing the tissue of the midbrain

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20
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

regulate initiation and termination of body movements

also involved w/ memory, planning and emotional response via the limbic system

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21
Q

what is the internal capsule?

A

a white fibre pathway that separates the globes palladus and putamen from the caudate nucleus

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22
Q

what is usually found in the lateral ventricles?

A

the choroid plexus

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23
Q

what is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

production of CSF

24
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

role in autonomic regulation of the body

links the nervous system to the endocrine system via its communicate w/ the pituitary gland

25
Q

what are the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

small lumps of tissue that are part of pathways assoc w/ the visual and auditory systems

26
Q

which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

CN3 - oculomotor
CN4 - trochlear

27
Q

what part of the brain do most cranial nerves arise from?

A

the brainstem (pons and medulla)

28
Q

where does the pituitary gland lie?

A

it sits under a small piece of dura covering the sella turcica

29
Q

how does the pituitary gland communicate w/ the rest of the brain?

A

via a tiny stalk called the pituitary stalk

30
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

releases growth hormone
releases FSH and LH in women

31
Q

where does the blood supply to the brain come from?

A

the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries

32
Q

how is the circle of willis formed?

A

the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries anastamose w/ each other to form the circle of willis

33
Q

explain the course of the vertebral arteries

A

they ascend the neck through the transverse processes of the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae and joint close to the foramen magnum to form the basilar artery

34
Q

explain the course of the internal carotid artery

A

the internal carotid artery is a terminal branch of the common carotid artery that passes into the carotid canal (one on each side) and through the cavernous venous sinus

35
Q

explain the meninges

A

the meninges are protective layers that cover the brain and spinal cord

there are three layers of meninges:
- dura mater - outermost tough connective tissue sheet

  • arachnoid mater - midle layer ‘spiderweb’ connective tissue
  • pia mater - innermost layer stuck to the surface of the neural tissue
36
Q

what is the falx cerebri?

A

a dural fold that lies between the cerebral hemispheres

37
Q

what does the fall cerebri carry?

A

the inferior sagittal dural venous sinus

38
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

a dural fold covering the cerebellum

39
Q

which 3 arteries provide the meninges w/ blood supply?

A

anterior ethmoid artery
middle meningeal artery
posterior meningeal artery

40
Q

where does the anterior ethmoid artery arise from?

A

from the ethmoid branches of the internal carotid artery

41
Q

where does the anterior ethmoid artery supply?

A

the dura of the anterior fossa

42
Q

where does the middle meningeal artery arise from?

A

the maxillary artery

43
Q

explain the course of the middle meningeal artery

A

it passes through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura w/ blood

44
Q

which artery is the main supply to the dura?

A

the middle meningeal artery

45
Q

where does the posterior meningeal artery arise from?

A

the occipital artery

46
Q

where does the posterior meningeal artery supply?

A

the dura of the posterior fossa

47
Q

explain the nerve supply to the meninges

A

the nerve supply is mainly from the trigeminal nerve

48
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses?

A

they act as large vein related to the meninges and wall of the skull

49
Q

describe venous drainage of the brain

A

the dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain and channel it into the internal jugular vein

50
Q

what is the confluence of sinuses?

A

an area of the brain which collect blood from the dural venous sinuses and passes it to the transverse and sigmoid sinuses and from here blood from the brain drains into the internal jugular vein

51
Q

how is CSF made?

A

in the choroid plexus by specialised cells called ependymal cells

52
Q

where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

in each of the cerebral hemispheres

53
Q

where is the third ventricle located?

A

between the two parts of the thalamus

54
Q

where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

related to the cerebellum and brainstem

55
Q

how does CSF move between the ventricles and the spinal cord?

A

through small foramina and the cerebral aqueduct

56
Q

how is CSF recycled?

A

through arachnoid villii (granulations) into the dural venous sinuses

head and neck spot test (18 decks)

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