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head and neck spot test > the eye > Flashcards

the eye Flashcards

1
Q

which bones forms the orbit?

A

the frontal bone forms the roof of the orbit and parts of the medial and lateral walls

the zygomatic bone forms part of the lateral wall

the maxillary bone forms a large part of the floor of the orbit

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2
Q

what protects the orbital contents?

A

the orbital septum (made from strong connective tissue)

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3
Q

what supports the corners of the eyelids?

A

the medial and lateral palpebral ligaments

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4
Q

what is the function of the tarsal plates?

A

each tarsal plate physically protects the eye but also contains glands that release oily and watery secretions to lubricate the surface of the eye

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5
Q

what restricts the movement of the extraoccualr muscles?

A

the check ligament

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6
Q

what is the function of the suspensory ligaments?

A

support the position of the eye w/in the orbit

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7
Q

what cells are found in the macula?

A

rods and cones (the retinal cells that respond to light)

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8
Q

where is the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

the space between the lens and the cornea

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9
Q

what fills the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

aqueous humour

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10
Q

how is aqueous humour made?

A

made by the cells of the ciliary body

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11
Q

how is aqueous humour recycled?

A

recycled back into the veins at the junction of the cornea and sclera

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12
Q

what fills the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

vitreous humour that functions to support the retina bye gently pressing it to the choroid below

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13
Q

how does the vitreous humour in the posterior chamber support the retina?

A

by pressing it into the choroid below

the choroid has blood vessels that supply the retina and so they need to be kept in close proximity to help prevent damage to these vessels

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14
Q

what is the function of the extra ocular muscles?

A

move the eyeball w/in the orbit

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15
Q

what is the function of the intraoccular muscles?

A

change the shape of the structures inside the eyeball

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16
Q

what controls an increase in the size of the pupil?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

what happens to the pupil in danger and low light intensities?

A

the size of the pupil increases to let as much light as possible into the retina

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18
Q

what are the circular fibres around the iris called?

A

the sphincter pupillae

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19
Q

what happens when the sphincter pupillae contract?

A

they narrow the pupil, restricting the amount of light entering the eye and acting to protect the retinal cells from high light intensities

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20
Q

what controls a decrease in the size of the pupil?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system via the occulomotor nerve

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21
Q

what muscle increase the diameter of the pupil?

A

dilator pupillae

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22
Q

what muscle decreases the size of the pupil?

A

sphincter pupillae

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23
Q

what is the ciliary muscle and what is its function?

A

it is an intrinsic muscle of the eye and acts to change the shape of the lens

24
Q

why does the shape of the lens need to change?

A

because it causes light to refract (bend) as it passes through the lens allowing it to be focused on the retinal cells to allow the lens to accommodate for near and far vision

25
Q

give a summary of the ciliary muscle

A

intrinsic eye muscle
changes the shape of the lens for accommodation
innervated by oculomotor nerve

26
Q

how many extraoccular muscles are there?

A

7

27
Q

where does levator palpebral superiors run from / to?

A

spans from the orbital roof to the upper eye lid

28
Q

what is the function of levator palpebrae superiors?

A

functions to raise the eyelid

does not move the eyelid as it is not attached to the sclera

29
Q

which is the only extraoccular muscle that does not attach to the sclera?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

30
Q

where do the 4 recti muscles attach?

A

at north, south, east and west of the equator

31
Q

where do the oblique muscles attach?

A

behind the equator

32
Q

what are the movements of the extraoccular muscles?

A

RADSIN

recti adduct (except for lateral rectus)
superior intort (roll the posterior part of the eye inwards)

33
Q

what is the innervation of the extra ocular muscles?

A

all are innervated by occuulomtor except:

  • lateral rectus which is innervated by abducens
  • superior oblique which is innervated by trochlear
34
Q

what nerve innervates lateral rectus?

A

abducens

35
Q

what nerve innervates superior oblique?

A

trochlear

36
Q

what is the main nerve to the orbit?

A

the optic nerve

37
Q

where does the optic nerve leave the cranium?

A

via the optic canal

38
Q

explain the course of the optic nerve (CN2)

A

the optic nerve forms a chiasm over the pituitary fossa and then sends optic tracts towards the brain

39
Q

what nerve supplies sensory innervation to the orbit?

A

the trigeminal nerve

40
Q

explain the innervation to the lacrimal gland.

A

the trigeminal nerve carries fibres from the facial nerve to the lacrimal gland

41
Q

explain the course of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

A

it passes into the superior orbital fissure

42
Q

what are the branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

the frontal branch
the nasosillary branch
the lacrimal nerve

43
Q

what is the main nerve to the extra ocular muscles?

A

the oculomotor nerve (CN3)

44
Q

which muscles does the superior division of the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

levator palpebrae superioris
superior rectus

45
Q

which muscles does the inferior division of the occulomotor nerve supply?

A

medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

46
Q

what is the ciliary ganglion?

A

a short piece of nerve tissue posterior to the eye which communicates w/ the oculomotor nerve and sends short ciliary nerves into the eyeball

47
Q

explain the arterial supply to the orbit

A

the arterial supply to the orbit is from the ophthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery

48
Q

how does the opthalmic artery enter the orbit?

A

through the optic canal w/ the optic nerve

49
Q

explain the venous drainage of the orbit

A

the opthalmic veins of the orbit communicate w/ the cavernous venous sinus through the superior orbital fissure w/ the pterygoid venous plexus through the inferior orbital fissure and w/ the facial vein

50
Q

where does the lacrimal apparatus lie?

A

at the lateral edge of the orbit

51
Q

what is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

release tears onto the eye via a number of tiny ducts

52
Q

where do excess tears go?

A

overflow onto the face and pass down the nasal lacrimal duct making your nose run

53
Q

explain the secretomotor function of the facial nerve

A

the facial nerve provides secretomotor fibres to the submandibular and salivary gland via the chorda tympani by joining w/ the lingual nerve

54
Q

what modality are the greater and lesser petrosal nerves and where do they arise from?

A

the lesser and greater petrosal nerves are parasympathetic

lesser petrosal from CN9
greater petrosal from CN7

55
Q

what modality is the deep petrosal nerve?

A

sympathetic

56
Q

what modality is the nerve of the pterygoid canal?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

head and neck spot test (18 decks)

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