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Complex Health I > Anemia FINAL > Flashcards

Anemia FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Decreased RBC, HGB, and HCT

A

Anemia

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2
Q

Inadequate intake of dietary iron or excessive loss of iron

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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3
Q

Inability to absorb vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Possibly associated with loss of intrinsic factor (e.g., gastrectomy, gastric bypass), or an autoimmune problem.

A

Pernicious anemia

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4
Q

Pancytopenia— depression of the bone marrow in production
of all blood cell types: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

A

Aplastic anemia

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5
Q

Associated with decreased dietary intake of folic acid.

A

Folic acid deficiency anemia

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6
Q

Hypochromic

A

Iron or vitamin deficiency

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7
Q

Malfunctioning bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia

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8
Q

Decreased B12

A

Pernicious anemia - lack of intrinsic factor

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9
Q

Destruction by antibodies

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

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10
Q

Increased RBC destruction

A

Sickle cell

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11
Q

Secondary anemia caused by

A

bleeding, leukemia, cancer, or chronic kidney disease

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12
Q

Causes of anemia

A
  • Defect in bone marrow production of RBCs.
  • Loss of RBC’s due to Hemorrhage, Chronic bleeding, Hemolytic processes
  • Hereditary disorders of the RBCs.
  • Inadequate nutritional intake of iron, folic acid.
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13
Q

General symptoms of anemia

A
  • Pallor of the ears
  • Pale mucous membrane
  • Spooning of the nails
  • SOB
  • DOE
  • Postural hypotension
  • Chronic Fatigue
  • Beefy Red Tongue
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14
Q

Iron deficiency anemia sx

A
  • Asymptomatic in early stages
  • General sx of anemia
  • Pallor, glossitis, cheilitis
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15
Q

Pernicious anemia sx

A
  • General sx of anemia, confusion
  • Paresthesia in the extremities, weakness, loss of vibratory sense
  • Loss of sense of balance, ataxia
  • Smooth beefy red tongue
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16
Q

Aplastic anemia sx

A
  • General sx of anemia
  • Fever
  • Infections, neutropenia
  • Bleeding problems associated with thrombocytopenia
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17
Q

Folic acid deficiency anemia sx

A
  • Slow, insidious onset
  • Weight loss, emaciated
  • May appear ill with malnourishment
18
Q

Anemia risk factors

A
  • Acute or chronic blood loss
  • Increased hemolysis
  • Inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption
  • Bone-marrow suppression
  • Age
19
Q
  • Common in adolescents.
  • Vegetarians and lacto–ovo vegetarians.
  • Occurs in infants whose primary diet is milk.
  • May occur in pregnancy.
  • Heavy menstrual bleeding.
  • Other blood loss states (e.g., peptic ulcer disease [PUD]).
  • Older adults are more prone to iron deficiency anemia because of poor dietary iron intake and decreased absorption in the small intestine.
A

Iron deficiency anemia

20
Q
  • Generally, not associated with inadequate dietary intake.
  • More common in older adults; most common age at diagnosis is 60 years.
  • Familial tendency.
  • May be precipitated by gastrectomy, gastritis, Crohn disease, or chronic alcoholism.
  • Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and H2-histamine receptor blockers prevent the release of the intrinsic factor.
  • Gastric atrophy, especially in the older adult
A

Pernicious anemia

21
Q
  • Exposure to certain medications and chemicals can precipitate aplastic anemia.
    o Chemotherapeutic agents, radiation.
    o Sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, methotrexate.
    o Anticonvulsant medications (e.g., phenytoin).
    o Benzene, insecticides, arsenic.
  • Radiation therapy.
  • Up to 70% of cases are idiopathic in origin and are thought to have an autoimmune basis.
A

Aplastic anemia

22
Q
  • Poor nutrition due to decreased folic acid intake, alcoholism, anorexia.
  • Malabsorption syndromes.
  • Deficiency may occur with increased demands for folic acid: infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy.
  • Drugs: anticonvulsants, methotrexate, and oral contraceptives.
  • Hemodialysis
A

Folic acid deficiency anemia

23
Q

Iron deficiency anemia meds & treatment

A

Supplemental iron intake is necessary for several months to replenish body storage.
* Supplemental iron.
* Increased dietary iron intake.
* Supplemental folic acid (green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals, enriched rice and bread, liver, Great Northern beans, black-eyed and green peas, avocado, peas, tomatoes, oranges).

24
Q

Pernicious anemia meds & treatment

A
  • Injections of vitamin B12 or intranasal cyanocobalamin may be required for life.
  • Maintain good nutrition with adequate iron, vitamin C, and folic acid intake.
  • Monitor for gastric cancer—there is increased potential with pernicious anemia
25
Q

Aplastic anemia meds & treatment

A
  • Remove causative agent.
  • Erythropoietin: epoetin alfa
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
26
Q

Folic acid deficiency anemia meds & treatment

A

Folic acid oral replacement, 1 mg/day or 5 mg/day for malabsorption syndromes or chronic alcoholism;
encourage increase dietary intake of folic acid (organ meats, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, whole grains, and beans)

27
Q

CBC count includes

A

RBC, H&H, WBC, platelets, and bands

28
Q

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is

A

size of red blood cells

29
Q

Normocytic

A

normal size

30
Q

Microcytic

A

small cells

31
Q

Macrocytic

A

large cells

32
Q

Mean corpuscular Hgb (MCH) determines

A

the amount of Hgb per RBC

33
Q

Normochromic

A

normal amount of Hgb per cell

34
Q

Hypochromic

A

decreased Hgb per cell

35
Q

Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration (MCHC)

A

Indicates Hgb amount relative to the size of the cell

36
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immature RBCs

37
Q

Major iron storage protein reflects iron storage. Diagnoses iron deficiency anemia.

A

serum ferritin

38
Q

-Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
-Decreased MCV, MCH, and MCHC

A

iron deficiency anemia

39
Q

-macrocytic anemia
-increased MCV

A

pernicious anemia

40
Q

-normocytic, normochromic anemia
-normal MCV, MCH, MCHC

A

aplastic anemia

41
Q

-macrocytic anemia
-increased MCV

A

folic acid deficiency anemia

Complex Health I (53 decks)

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