Valve disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Stenosis (open valve)

A

Doesn’t fully open

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2
Q

Regurgitation (closed valve)

A

Doesn’t close fully causing a back flow of blood

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3
Q

Causes of valve disorders

A
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Ischemia caused by ACS
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4
Q

Mitral valve stenosis

A

Valve thickens & calcifies, can’t open normally→ increasing workload of the cardiac chamber pumping though the stenosed valve

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5
Q

Mitral valve regurgitation (insufficiency)

A

Can’t close normally→ with each contraction, the LV forces blood back into the left atrium.

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6
Q

Mitral Valve Disorders – Clinical Manifestations

A
  • Exertional dyspnea progressing to orthopnea.
  • Progressive fatigue caused by decrease in cardiac output.
  • Cardiac murmur (diastolic), palpitations.
  • Systemic embolization.
  • Atrial fibrillation (concern is maintaining cardiac output)
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7
Q

Aortic valve stenosis

A

Can’t open normally → increased (afterload) work of the LV as it attempts to propel blood through the narrowed valve. Considered a disease of “wear & tear” with aging

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8
Q

Aortic valve regurgitation

A

Can’t close normally → increased (afterload) work of the LV as blood leaks back into the LV after contraction

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9
Q

Aortic Valve Disorders – Clinical Manifestations

A
  • Syncope and vertigo.
  • Nocturnal angina with diaphoresis (condition interferes with coronary artery filling).
  • Dysrhythmia, systolic murmur in stenosis.
  • Dyspnea and increasing fatigue, heart failure (exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea).
  • With severe disease, the nurse notes a “bounding” arterial pulse and widened pulse pressure; client feels palpitations and may have nocturnal angina with diaphoresis.
  • Upon auscultation, a high-pitched, blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur with aortic regurgitation can be noted
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10
Q

Risk factors

A
  • CAD, HTN, HF
  • Rheumatic heart disease, inflammation, infections
  • IV drugs
  • Age, congenital malformations
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11
Q

Procedures

A

Conservative Medical Management
Valve repair
Valve replacement

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12
Q

Biological valves

A
  • Less thrombogenic
  • Don’t last as long (7-10 years)
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13
Q

Mechanical valves

A
  • Lasts longer (20-30 years)
  • ↑ risk of thromboembolism
  • Life long anticoag
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14
Q

Patients who have had valve replacements with prosthetic valves require lifetime prophylactic anticoagulation therapy to prevent thrombus formation.

True or False

A

True

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15
Q

What type of murmur?

Harsh, systolic crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur at the 2nd right intercostal space

A

aortic stenosis

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16
Q

What type of murmur?

High pitched, blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur at 3rd left intercostal space

A

aortic regurgitation

17
Q

What type of murmur?

High pitched holosystolic murmur at the apex with radiation to the left axilla, severe if S3 is heard

A

mitral regurgitation

18
Q

What type of murmur?

Rumbling, apical diastolic murmur at the apex

A

mitral stenosis

19
Q

What type of murmur?

Mid-systolic and late systolic murmur at the apex

A

mitral valve prolapse