muscular system disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

polymyositis

A

uncommon inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness affecting both sides of your body. Having this condition can make it difficult to climb stairs, rise from a seated position, lift objects or reach overhead. Commonly affects adults.

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2
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

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3
Q

arthrography

A

process of taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material

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4
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair of a joint

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5
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope and monitor

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6
Q

ataxia

A

without coordination. People with ataxia lose muscle control in their arms and legs. This may lead to a lack of balance, coordination, and trouble walking. May effect speech as well.

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7
Q

atrophy

A

wasting of muscle tissue; muscles become smaller. Disuse atrophy refers to muscle wasting due to lack of use in a muscle that has an intact nerve supply. Disuse atrophy is often seen in a casted extremity.

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8
Q

Bakers cyst / popliteal cysts

A

small fluid filled lumps on the back of the knee- sometimes cause damage to knee joint or cause joint swelling. Occurs when knee joint is damaged and excess fluid pools.

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9
Q

Bells Palsy

A

unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that usually resolves on its own and has no complications. Thought to be associated with inflammation affecting the immune system and diabetes

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10
Q

bone density test

A

low-energy x-ray absorption in the bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to measure bone mass; formerly called a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan; test evaluates the amount of bone in the skeleton to determine strength; areas of decreased density indicate osteoporosis or osteopenia

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11
Q

bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

A

withdrawal of fluid from the medullary cavity for examination

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12
Q

bone scan - also called a radionuclide scan

A

radioactive dye is administered intravenously to detect abnormal processes not identified on x-ray, such as avascular necrosis

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13
Q

calcaneal spurs

A

inflammatory response causing the growth of spike-like projections of new bone called spurs

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14
Q

cephalalgia vs cephalgia

A

any type of pain in the head vs headache or ache affecting the face, head, or neck

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15
Q

clonus

A

a neurological condition that creates involuntary muscle contractions. This results in uncontrollable, rhythmic, shaking movements. It’s usually brought on by excessive muscle stretching.

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16
Q

compartment syndrome

A

pressure rises in and around muscles (inflamm). The pressure is painful and can be dangerous; can limit the flow of blood, oxygen and nutrients to muscles and nerves.

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17
Q

contracture

A

abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within the muscle; generally “freezes” the muscle in a flexed position and severely restricts joint mobility

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18
Q

cramps / muscle spasms

A

a painful, involuntary skeletal muscle contraction. Can be due to fatigue, dehydration, depletion of electrolytes, reduced blood supply, or stress

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19
Q

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

A

rise of CPK in the blood indicates muscle damage

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20
Q

CVA tenderness

A

costovertebral angle tenderness - pain from touching the region formed by the 12th rib and the spine. Often indicates kidney pathology.

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21
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disease

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22
Q

dysmorphism

A

abnormal difference in body structure. It can be an isolated finding in an otherwise normal individual, or it can be related to a congenital disorder, genetic syndrome or birth defect

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23
Q

dystonia

A

neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures

24
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

a method of diagnosing the health of muscle tissue by measuring electric signals and their effect on the muscle

25
Q

EMG electromyography

A

diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons). Can reveal nerve dysfunction.

26
Q

equinus

A

a condition in which the upward bending motion of the ankle joint is limited. Someone with equinus lacks the flexibility to bring the top of the foot toward the front of the leg

27
Q

fasciculations

A

involuntary rapid muscle twitches that are too weak to move a limb but are easily felt by patients and seen or palpated by clinicians

28
Q

fibromyalgia

A

chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips, and knees. Treatments include a carefully planned exercise program, pain medication, muscle relaxants, and antidepressants.

29
Q

fibromyositis

A

also called a charley horse; refers to pain and tenderness in the fibromuscular tissue of the thighs usually due to muscle strain or tear

30
Q

flatfoot

A

abnormal flatness of the sole and the arch of the foot

31
Q

frozen shoulder

A

shoulder becomes stiff and painful, making normal movement difficult; often caused by disuse of the shoulder because of an injury or the pain associated with bursitis or tendinitis

32
Q

hypertonia

A

increased muscle tone causing spasticity or rigidity

33
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle size due to overuse/overwork

34
Q

hypotonia

A

decreased muscle tone causing flaccid or loose muscles

35
Q

liver enzyme tests

A

conducted as some medications used to treat orthopedic conditions damage the liver; high alkaline phosphatase may indicate bone disorder

36
Q

lumbar diskography

A

a diskogram; an enhanced x-ray of the intervertebral disks that specifically focuses on injuries or damage to the disks by determining if they are the source of low back pain

37
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

group of diseases that feature weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles without the breakdown of nerve tissue; most common form is Duchenne muscular dystrophy, passed from mother to son

38
Q

myalgia

A

pain or tenderness in the muscles. Fibromyalgia is a group of common rheumatic disorders characterized by chronic pain in muscles and soft tissues surrounding joints

39
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

long-term neuromuscular junction disease leading to skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking. Result of antibodies blocking or destroying muscle receptor sites

40
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

disease that affects the neuromuscular junction; muscle contraction is impaired, and the person experiences extreme muscle weakness; muscle weakness becomes noticeable as low tolerance to exercise, difficulty raising the eyelids, and difficulty breathing

41
Q

myelogram

A

studies the spinal cord and subarachnoid space around it; contrast dye is injected into the spinal canal by lumbar puncture with a hollow needle and the contrast is observed flowing into the spinal canal, cord, and nerve roots

42
Q

myoglobin urine test

A

urine test to detect muscle damage

43
Q

myopathy

A

disease of the muscles not associated with the nervous system. eg; A dystrophy is a myopathy that is characterized by muscle degeneration.

44
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of muscles

45
Q

myotonia

A

condition where muscles do not relax after contracting.

46
Q

pes cavus

A

a foot with an abnormally high plantar longitudinal arch. People who have this condition will place too much weight and stress on the ball and heel of the foot while standing and/or walking

47
Q

photon absorptiometry

A

measurement of bone density

48
Q

plantar fasciitis

A

inflammation at the heel bone caused when the inflexible fascia in the heel is repeatedly stretched (as in running); inflammatory response can produce spike-like projections of new bone called spurs

49
Q

creatine phosphokinase CPK

A

blood test levels can indicate when myocardial (heart muscle) damage is suspected

50
Q

polymyalgia

A

an inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, especially in the shoulders and hips.

51
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica

A

syndrome marked by aching and morning stiffness in the shoulder, hip, or neck for more than one month

52
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

“Rhabdo”; damaged muscle tissue releases its proteins and electrolytes into the bloodstream. These can damage the heart or kidney and can cause permanent damage or death.

53
Q

rheumatism

A

conditions causing chronic, intermittent paint affecting joints or connective tissue

54
Q

sacroiliitis

A

an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint (SI), usually resulting in pain. Often it is a diagnosis of exclusion. The sacroiliac joint (SI) is one of the largest joints in the body and is a common source of the buttock and lower back pain

55
Q

shin splints

A

exercise-related inflammatory condition involving the extensor muscles and surrounding tissues in the lower leg; pain is generally experienced along the inner aspect of the tibia

56
Q

troponin test

A

higher accuracy (more sensitive than CPK) blood protein test that can detect more minor heart attacks.

57
Q

torticollis

A

refers to the twisting of the neck into an unusual position; also called wryneck; caused by prolonged contraction of the neck muscles.