muscular system disorders

Question 1

polymyositis

Answer 1

uncommon inflammatory disease that causes muscle weakness affecting both sides of your body. Having this condition can make it difficult to climb stairs, rise from a seated position, lift objects or reach overhead. Commonly affects adults.

Question 2

arthrocentesis

Answer 2

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

Question 3

arthrography

Answer 3

process of taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material

Question 4

arthroplasty

Answer 4

surgical repair of a joint

Question 5

arthroscopy

Answer 5

visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope and monitor

Question 6

ataxia

Answer 6

without coordination. People with ataxia lose muscle control in their arms and legs. This may lead to a lack of balance, coordination, and trouble walking. May effect speech as well.

Question 7

atrophy

Answer 7

wasting of muscle tissue; muscles become smaller. Disuse atrophy refers to muscle wasting due to lack of use in a muscle that has an intact nerve supply. Disuse atrophy is often seen in a casted extremity.

Question 8

Bakers cyst / popliteal cysts

Answer 8

small fluid filled lumps on the back of the knee- sometimes cause damage to knee joint or cause joint swelling. Occurs when knee joint is damaged and excess fluid pools.

Question 9

Bells Palsy

Answer 9

unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis that usually resolves on its own and has no complications. Thought to be associated with inflammation affecting the immune system and diabetes

Question 10

bone density test

Answer 10

low-energy x-ray absorption in the bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to measure bone mass; formerly called a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan; test evaluates the amount of bone in the skeleton to determine strength; areas of decreased density indicate osteoporosis or osteopenia

Question 11

bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

Answer 11

withdrawal of fluid from the medullary cavity for examination

Question 12

bone scan - also called a radionuclide scan

Answer 12

radioactive dye is administered intravenously to detect abnormal processes not identified on x-ray, such as avascular necrosis

Question 13

calcaneal spurs

Answer 13

inflammatory response causing the growth of spike-like projections of new bone called spurs

Question 14

cephalalgia vs cephalgia

Answer 14

any type of pain in the head vs headache or ache affecting the face, head, or neck

Question 15

clonus

Answer 15

a neurological condition that creates involuntary muscle contractions. This results in uncontrollable, rhythmic, shaking movements. It’s usually brought on by excessive muscle stretching.

Question 16

compartment syndrome

Answer 16

pressure rises in and around muscles (inflamm). The pressure is painful and can be dangerous; can limit the flow of blood, oxygen and nutrients to muscles and nerves.

Question 17

contracture

Answer 17

abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within the muscle; generally “freezes” the muscle in a flexed position and severely restricts joint mobility

Question 18

cramps / muscle spasms

Answer 18

a painful, involuntary skeletal muscle contraction. Can be due to fatigue, dehydration, depletion of electrolytes, reduced blood supply, or stress

Question 19

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Answer 19

rise of CPK in the blood indicates muscle damage

Question 20

CVA tenderness

Answer 20

costovertebral angle tenderness - pain from touching the region formed by the 12th rib and the spine. Often indicates kidney pathology.

Question 21

DJD

Answer 21

degenerative joint disease

Question 22

dysmorphism

Answer 22

abnormal difference in body structure. It can be an isolated finding in an otherwise normal individual, or it can be related to a congenital disorder, genetic syndrome or birth defect

Question 23

dystonia

Answer 23

neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures

Question 24

electromyography (EMG)

Answer 24

a method of diagnosing the health of muscle tissue by measuring electric signals and their effect on the muscle

Question 25

EMG electromyography

Answer 25

diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons). Can reveal nerve dysfunction.

Question 26

equinus

Answer 26

a condition in which the upward bending motion of the ankle joint is limited. Someone with equinus lacks the flexibility to bring the top of the foot toward the front of the leg

Question 27

fasciculations

Answer 27

involuntary rapid muscle twitches that are too weak to move a limb but are easily felt by patients and seen or palpated by clinicians

Question 28

fibromyalgia

Answer 28

chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips, and knees. Treatments include a carefully planned exercise program, pain medication, muscle relaxants, and antidepressants.

Question 29

fibromyositis

Answer 29

also called a charley horse; refers to pain and tenderness in the fibromuscular tissue of the thighs usually due to muscle strain or tear

Question 30

flatfoot

Answer 30

abnormal flatness of the sole and the arch of the foot

Question 31

frozen shoulder

Answer 31

shoulder becomes stiff and painful, making normal movement difficult; often caused by disuse of the shoulder because of an injury or the pain associated with bursitis or tendinitis

Question 32

hypertonia

Answer 32

increased muscle tone causing spasticity or rigidity

Question 33

hypertrophy

Answer 33

increase in muscle size due to overuse/overwork

Question 34

hypotonia

Answer 34

decreased muscle tone causing flaccid or loose muscles

Question 35

liver enzyme tests

Answer 35

conducted as some medications used to treat orthopedic conditions damage the liver; high alkaline phosphatase may indicate bone disorder

Question 36

lumbar diskography

Answer 36

a diskogram; an enhanced x-ray of the intervertebral disks that specifically focuses on injuries or damage to the disks by determining if they are the source of low back pain

Question 37

muscular dystrophy

Answer 37

group of diseases that feature weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles without the breakdown of nerve tissue; most common form is Duchenne muscular dystrophy, passed from mother to son

Question 38

myalgia

Answer 38

pain or tenderness in the muscles. Fibromyalgia is a group of common rheumatic disorders characterized by chronic pain in muscles and soft tissues surrounding joints

Question 39

myasthenia gravis

Answer 39

long-term neuromuscular junction disease leading to skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking. Result of antibodies blocking or destroying muscle receptor sites

Question 40

myasthenia gravis

Answer 40

disease that affects the neuromuscular junction; muscle contraction is impaired, and the person experiences extreme muscle weakness; muscle weakness becomes noticeable as low tolerance to exercise, difficulty raising the eyelids, and difficulty breathing

Question 41

myelogram

Answer 41

studies the spinal cord and subarachnoid space around it; contrast dye is injected into the spinal canal by lumbar puncture with a hollow needle and the contrast is observed flowing into the spinal canal, cord, and nerve roots

Question 42

myoglobin urine test

Answer 42

urine test to detect muscle damage

Question 43

myopathy

Answer 43

disease of the muscles not associated with the nervous system. eg; A dystrophy is a myopathy that is characterized by muscle degeneration.

Question 44

myositis

Answer 44

inflammation of muscles

Question 45

myotonia

Answer 45

condition where muscles do not relax after contracting.

Question 46

pes cavus

Answer 46

a foot with an abnormally high plantar longitudinal arch. People who have this condition will place too much weight and stress on the ball and heel of the foot while standing and/or walking

Question 47

photon absorptiometry

Answer 47

measurement of bone density

Question 48

plantar fasciitis

Answer 48

inflammation at the heel bone caused when the inflexible fascia in the heel is repeatedly stretched (as in running); inflammatory response can produce spike-like projections of new bone called spurs

Question 49

creatine phosphokinase CPK

Answer 49

blood test levels can indicate when myocardial (heart muscle) damage is suspected

Question 50

polymyalgia

Answer 50

an inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, especially in the shoulders and hips.

Question 51

polymyalgia rheumatica

Answer 51

syndrome marked by aching and morning stiffness in the shoulder, hip, or neck for more than one month

Question 52

Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 52

“Rhabdo”; damaged muscle tissue releases its proteins and electrolytes into the bloodstream. These can damage the heart or kidney and can cause permanent damage or death.

Question 53

rheumatism

Answer 53

conditions causing chronic, intermittent paint affecting joints or connective tissue

Question 54

sacroiliitis

Answer 54

an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint (SI), usually resulting in pain. Often it is a diagnosis of exclusion. The sacroiliac joint (SI) is one of the largest joints in the body and is a common source of the buttock and lower back pain

Question 55

shin splints

Answer 55

exercise-related inflammatory condition involving the extensor muscles and surrounding tissues in the lower leg; pain is generally experienced along the inner aspect of the tibia

Question 56

troponin test

Answer 56

higher accuracy (more sensitive than CPK) blood protein test that can detect more minor heart attacks.

Question 57

torticollis

Answer 57

refers to the twisting of the neck into an unusual position; also called wryneck; caused by prolonged contraction of the neck muscles.