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Medical Transcription > Genitourinary > Flashcards

Genitourinary Flashcards

1
Q

tubular adenomas

A

precancerous polyps in the colon found during colonoscopies. Early sign for colon cancer.

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2
Q

diuresis

A

Kidneys produce excess urine to remove a substance from the body. Can be due to medications or physical issues.

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3
Q

BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

a condition in men in which the prostate gland is enlarged and not cancerous

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4
Q

adnexa

A

latin for “attachment or appendages” refers to ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ligaments holding repro organs.

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5
Q

para and gravida

A

gravida is the number of times a patient
has been pregnant —- para is the number of times a patient has given birth

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6
Q

pruritis ani

A

intense chronic itching affecting peri-anal skin.

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7
Q

speculum

A

a device used to examine hollow openings in the body; vagina, anus, ears, or nostrils.

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8
Q

beta hCG

A

an increased level is indicative of pregnancy, 25mlU/ml or greater. Human chorionic gonadotropin. Can indicate age of fetus, twins, etc.

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9
Q

colovesical fistula CVF

A

abnormal connection between the colon and urinary bladder. Can cause morbidity - affect quality of life. Often due to complicated diverticulitis or carcinoma.

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10
Q

concomitant

A

occuring within the same time period, usually referring to secondary symptoms of main

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11
Q

cystitis cystica

A

common benign condition of urinary bladder; reactive inflammatory change of mucousa associated with supepithelial vesicle/cyst formation and glandular metaplasia. Often due to chronic UTIs, irritation, catheters, etc.

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12
Q

cystourethroscopy

A

very common procedure; allows direct visualization of urethra, urethral sphincter, prostate, bladder, and orifices. Cystoscope is advanced through urethra.

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13
Q

desmoplastic small round cell tumors DSRCT

A

only found in the abdomen and pelvic area of the body. Soft tissue sarcoma; cancer that forms in the connective tissue. Highly curable.

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14
Q

dyspareunia

A

genital pain during or after sexual intercourse. Can be felt internally or externally. Can be caused by underlying medical conditions/infections.

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15
Q

enuresis

A

urinary incontinence; bedwetting; most common type of elimination disorder. Can be from a small bladder, persistent UTIs, severe stress, developmental delay.

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16
Q

hydronephrosis

A

swelling of one/both kidneys. Urine can’t drain and builds up in the kidney; can be via blockage in the tubes that drain from the kidneys (ureters) or an anatomical defect. Difficulty peeing, blood in urine, pain in back side or belly

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17
Q

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A

Noninvasive treatment of stones in the kidney and ureter. High energy shock waves are passed through the body to break stones into pieces.

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18
Q

urodynamics

A

set of tests that measures lower urinary tract function; how well bladder, sphincters, and urethra hold and release urine. - cystometry, electromyoigraphy, uroflometry, pressure flow study, postvoid residual measurement, etc

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19
Q

von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL)

A

marked by predisposition to a variety of neoplasms; renal cell carcinoma develops in nearly 70% of VHL patients and is a major cause of death

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20
Q

hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (HPRC)

A

associated with development of carcinoma in renal papillae in both kidneys

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21
Q

hereditary renal carcinoma (HRC)

A

inherited disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance pattern; affected patients develop bilateral multifocal renal carcinoma

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22
Q

tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)

A

linked with tumor formation in many different organs; most common sites include kidney

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23
Q

radical nephrectomy

A

complete resection of the kidney, perirenal fat, and associated adrenal gland. Lymphs nodes involved in up to 25% of patients and regional lymphadenectomy often included.

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24
Q

laparoscopic nephrectomy

A

less invasive procedure through abdomen to resection the kidney; associated with shorter recovery time and less blood loss

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25
Q

palliative nephrectomy

A

kidney resection done to alleviate symptoms of pain, hemorrhage, malaise, hypercalcemia, erythrocytosis, and hypertension

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26
Q

renal artery embolism

A

nonsurgical minimally invasive procedure involving selective occlusion of blood vessels by placing a tiny catheter inside and injecting particles to block blood flow. Can be used to control bleeding.

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27
Q

antineoplastic interferons

A

interferons = naturally occurring proteins that are antiviral and antiproliferative (against cell growth) and able to adjust immune system functions. alfa 2a and 2b (Roferon A and Intron A)

28
Q

antimetabolites

A

metabolites = nutrients for cells, antimetabolites mimic nutrients but once ingested by tumor cells they prevent cell division and tumor growth (fluorouracil - Adrucil and gemcitabine)

29
Q

kinase/multikinase inhibitors

A

antineoplastic agents; enzymes that stimulate cell growth - block kinase from tumor cells and slow growth of tumor, used for advanced RCC

30
Q

interleukin-2

A

activates killer cells (wbc) in immune system and stimulates their growth (aldesleukin - Proleukin)

31
Q

mitotic inhibitors

A

suppress division and proliferation of tumor cells (vinblastine - Velban, Alkaban-AQ)

32
Q

nephroureterectomy

A

surgery to remove the entire kidney, the ureter, and tissue that connects ureter to the bladder (bladder cuff). Treatment for cancer of renal pelvis/ureter

33
Q

segmental resection of the ureter

A

surgery to remove part of the ureter that contains cancer along w/ some of the healthy tissue; used only when the tumor is superficial and located in the lower 1/3 near the bladder

34
Q

fulguration

A

using an electrical current to remove or burn away cancer using an instrument with a small wire loop on the end. Can be inserted ureteroscopically or percutaneously - minimally invasive. Laser fulguration is similar but uses a laser beam rather than an electrical current

35
Q

Regional therapy of renal pelvis cancer

A

Chemotherapy; drugs to kill cancer cells/stop from multiplying. Biologic therapy does the same, but uses substances that stimulate the body’s own immune system to fight the cancer. With regional treatment, these substances are placed directly into the renal pelvis/ureter

36
Q

EPO test (erythropoietin)

A

blood test measuring hormone EPO produced by kidney - renal failure patients often receive EPO infusions with other treatments

37
Q

GFR/EGFR glomerular filtration rate/estimated glomerular filtration rate

A

comparative test that is the most accurate to assess kidney function; how much blood passes through renal glomeruli/min; levels of substances found in blood and urine and puts them in a formula to calculate the rate

38
Q

kidney stone analysis

A

test done on a kidney stone that has been removed or passed; levels of cystine, calcium oxalate, uric acid. Treatment based on composition of stone.

39
Q

liver function tests LFTs

A

blood tests measuring protein, albumin, bilirubin, and liver enzymes which act as markers for chronic kidney diseases.

40
Q

partial thromboplastin time PTT

A

blood test which measures clotting of blood; longer than normal time can indicate kidney disease

41
Q

PKU phenylketonuria

A

newborn screening blood test for genetic disorder which causes serious liver and kidney damage

42
Q

PSA prostate-specific antigen

A

diagnostic screening blood test that can be an indicator of prostate cancer

43
Q

RFTs renal function tests

A

combo test including serum BUN and creatinine, urine creatinine, and GFR

44
Q

renin assay

A

blood test done looking for high levels of renin in the blood; marker for hypertension, diabetes, or renal failures

45
Q

serum electrolytes

A

blood test targeting potassium, phosphorus, BUN, creatinine, bicarbonate levels, and acid-base balance - derangements mark for kidney disease

46
Q

UA urinalysis

A

urine test performed physically, chemically, microscopically, looks for acid status, infection, pregnancy, drug ingestion, and markers for diseases

47
Q

urine culture and sensitivity - urine C&S

A

urine test placed in culture mdeium to grow out bacteria; antibiotic testing is then done to pinpoint susceptibility for Rx purposes

48
Q

urine cytology

A

microscopic evaluation of the urine looking for cancer cells of the urinary tract

49
Q

cytoscopy

A

medical procedure utilizing a scope inserted through the urethra to examine the structures of the bladder; combined w/ procedures such as fulguration, biopsy, resection of tumor, etc

50
Q

nephroscopy

A

medical procedure utilizing a scope to look at the interior of the kidney; inserted through incision in the renal pelvis

51
Q

ureteroscopy

A

procedure utilizing a scope inserted through the urethra; through the bladder and into the ureters, combined w other procedures such as stone basketing, dilation, etc

52
Q

PNL percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

surgical procedure to remove kidney stones through a small puncture wound in the back

53
Q

renal angiography

A

specialized radiographic procedure of the renal arteries usually done with contrast to evaluate blood flow to the kidneys

54
Q

renal artery embolism

A

nonsurgical procedure performed by interventional radiologists to cut off blood supply to renal tumors

55
Q

renal tomography

A

radiologic procedure that can be done with plain films or through CT scanning utilizing contrast media, visualize anatomy of kidneys

56
Q

TURBT transurethral resection bladder tumor/TURP transurethral resection of prostate

A

surgical procedures going through the urethra to remove a bladder tumor or resect the prostate, removing tissue through a scope

57
Q

urethropexy/sling/transvaginal taping TVT

A

surgical procedures to give extra support to the urethra to treat urinary incontinence

58
Q

urodynamic testing

A

tests used to assess how well the bladder and urethra are functioning in terms of storing and releasing urine; tests include uroflowmetry, post-void residual volume, EMG, and pressure flow study

59
Q

VCUG voiding cystourethrogram

A

specialized x-ray procedure utilizing fluoroscopy to visualize size, shape, and capacity of child’s bladder Diagnoses vesicoureteral reflux (urine goes wrong way, from ureter to bladder) also discerns abnormalities

60
Q

urethral caruncle

A

benign fleshy outgrowth of the posterior urethral meatus; most common lesion of femalre urethra and primarily in post menopauseal women.

61
Q

decubitus ulcer

A

skin and soft tissue injuries resulting from constant or prolonged exertion on the skin

62
Q

elevated PSA

A

indicative of prostate cancer or prostate condition such as infection; prostatitis, or an enlarged prostate.

63
Q

HCG blood test

A

indicative of pregnancy

64
Q

dentate line

A

aka pectinate line; area where the anal glands open. Important landmark for understanding epithelium of anal canal. One third below surgical anal canal.

65
Q
A

Medical Transcription (31 decks)

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