2.3 Carbon

Question 1

what is carbon and what can it bond to?

Answer 1

It had 4 valence electrons and can make covalent bonds to oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen for cellular function

Question 2

What are functional groups

Answer 2

groups of atoms that give specific properties to hydrocarbon chains or rings that define their overall characteristics and function

Question 3

Organic molecules

Answer 3

carbon containing liquid solid or gas- make macromolecules

Question 4

Macromolecules

Answer 4

proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids- makes up cells; carbon makes up the basic structural component of macromolecules

Question 5

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 5

organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen; can be fuels and burn off energy when covalent bonds are burned

Question 6

What are some qualities of hydrocarbons?

Answer 6

exists as linear carbon chains, carbon rings or a combination
can have single, double or triple bonds

Question 7

What are hydrocarbon chains?

Answer 7

formed by bonds between carbon atomd, bonds may be branched or unbranched. geometry can change based on the type of bond

Question 8

What shape does single, double and triple bonds produce?

Answer 8

single- rotation along axis of bond- tetrahedral shape
double- planar configuration
triple- linear bond

Question 9

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

Answer 9

Linear chains of carbon atoms - can form rings with all single bonds

Question 10

What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

Answer 10

close rings of carbon dioxide with alternating single and double bonds

Question 11

What type of hydrocarbon ring is cyclopentane and cyclohexane?

Answer 11

aliphatic hydrocarbons

Question 12

what type of hydrocarbon ring is benzese?

Answer 12

aromatic hydrocarbons; it is also a crude oil

Question 13

define isomers

Answer 13

molecules with the same molecular formular (same finds and # of atoms) but different molecular structures that result in different properties of functions

Question 14

define structural isomers

Answer 14

differ in their placement of covalent bonds; different chemical properties

Question 15

define geometric isomers

Answer 15

similar placement of the covalent bonds but differ in how they were made

Question 16

define cis configuration

Answer 16

carbons bound on the same side of the double bond; bends in the carbon backbone

Question 17

define trans configuration

Answer 17

opposite sides of the double bond form a more or less linear structure

Question 18

define triglycerides

Answer 18

long carbon chain- fatty acids can be cis or trans configuration

Question 19

define unsaturated fats

Answer 19

fats with at least 1 double bond between carbon atoms- due to the bend- they cannot pack as tightly resulting in their liquid form- oil

Question 20

define trans fat

Answer 20

trans double bonds linear fatty acids; pack tightly at room temperature and form solid fats - increase in risk of CVD

Question 21

saturated fats

Answer 21

triglycerides w/o double bonds between carbon atoms, contain all the hydrogen atoms; solid at room temperature -of animal origin

Question 22

define enantiomers

Answer 22

molecules that share the same chemical structure and bonds, differ in the 3D placement of atoms, so they are mirror images

Question 23

carbon backbone def

Answer 23

formed by chains and/or rings of carbon atoms sometimes has nitrogen or oxygen

Question 24

definition of substituted hydrocarbons

Answer 24

molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone

Question 25

Why are there hydrogen bonds between functional groups?

Answer 25

help them fold properly, and maintain the appropriate shape for functioning, DNA complementary base pairing, and the binding of an enzyme to its substrates

Question 26

Are functional group hydrophobic or hydrophilic containing methyl?

Answer 26

Hydrophobic

Question 27

Are functional group hydrophobic or hydrophilic containing carboxyl?

Answer 27

Hydrophilic- releases Hydrogen ions resulting in COO-