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AP Biology > 3.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

3.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is teh carbon, hydrogen oxygen ratio?

A

CH2O

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2
Q

What is the formula for glucose, galactose and fructose?

A

C6H12O6

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3
Q

What are the 2 functions of carbohydrateS?

A
  1. provide energy for the cell primarily through glucose
  2. structural support for plants, fungi and arthropods (insects, spiders and crustaceans)
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4
Q

Aldose (Aldehyde sugar)

A

carbonyl group at the end of the chain

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5
Q

Ketose (Ketone sugar)

A

carbonyl group in the middle of the sugar chain

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6
Q

Describe cellular respiration

A

glucose- ATP
excess glucose- starch

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7
Q

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

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8
Q

Describe glucose alpha postion

A

hydroxyl group below carbon

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9
Q

describe glucose beta postion

A

hydroxyl group above carbon

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10
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond b/w carb molec. & another

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11
Q

what are the 3 disaccharides?

A

lactose, maltose, sucrose

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12
Q

lactose

A

glucose & galactose; milk

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13
Q

Maltose

A

malt sugar; 2 glucose molecules

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14
Q

What are the 4 examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen. cellulose and chitin

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15
Q

Starch

A

stored form of sugar in plants; has two types; amylose, amylopectin; highly branched

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16
Q

Where is starch stored in plants?

A

in plastids ( cellular structyrea); includes chloroplasts

17
Q

what is starch broken down by?

A

salivary amylase which becomes smaller molec- maltose & glucose; cell absorbs glucose

18
Q

Amylose

A

starch formed by unbranched chains of glucose monomer

19
Q

amylopectin

A

branched polysaccharide

20
Q

Glycogen

A

storage form of glucose in humans & other vertebrates; monomers of glucose
highly branched; stored in liver & muscle cells

21
Q

What is function of glycogen in the body?

A

blood glucose decreases; glycogen broken down- glucose (glycogenolysis)

22
Q

Cellulose

A

abundant natural bipolymer; cell walls of plants- structural support; found in wood and paper; made up of glucose monomers with beta glycosidic linkages
helps in bowel movement

23
Q

describe cellulose

A

every other monomer is flipped, allowing to pack tightly as long chains–> gives it rigidity and high tensile strength; cannot be broken down by human enzymes; made only by beta linkages

24
Q

What animals have the ability to break down cellulose?

A

herbivores w/ specialized flora in their stomach
animals; w/ bacteria & protists in the digestive system
grazing animals: appendix contains the bacteria
termites

25
Q

Chitin

A

contains nitrogen
makes exoskeleton-outer shell in Arthropods for protection
made up of N-acetyl- B-a glucoasmine
major component of fungal cell walls

26
Q

how does cellulose remove excess cholesterol?

A

fiber binds to cholesterol in the small intestine 7 exists the body via feces to prevent cholesterol from entering the bloodstream

27
Q

What is the difference between beta glucose and galactose?

A

In galactose, the OH is on the top for both sides.
In beta glucose, only one OH is on the top.

28
Q

sucrose

A

fructose & gluose

29
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but have different arrangements

30
Q

Give examples of isomers

A

sucrose, lactose, and maltose
glucose, galactose, and fructose

31
Q

What is the formula for disaccharides

A

C12H22O11

32
Q

Why is the formula for disaccharides C12H22O11?

A

One water is removed in the formation in order for dehydration synthesis to occur.

33
Q

What makes the sugars polar?

A

The hydroxyl group

34
Q

What is the chemical formula for monosaccharides?

A

CH2O

35
Q

What is the ring form of fructose?

A

has 6 carbons, but shape is a pentagon. 4 of the carbons directly form the ring; 2 of the carbons sit outside the ring.

36
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

is linked in long chains with a small amount of branching

37
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Linked in many branching chains

38
Q

What is the ring form of cellulose?

A

Long single chains that pack tightly together

39
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made out of?

A

Peptidoglycan

AP Biology (38 decks)

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